]> Cypherpunks.ru repositories - pyderasn.git/blobdiff - tests/test_pyderasn.py
Raise copyright years
[pyderasn.git] / tests / test_pyderasn.py
index f160ba833b1933ace9c49871984ab2585982731b..e8f8bdf4570e1c52adbf2b7a7c5a827c47a2099c 100644 (file)
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # coding: utf-8
-# PyDERASN -- Python ASN.1 DER/BER codec with abstract structures
-# Copyright (C) 2017-2020 Sergey Matveev <stargrave@stargrave.org>
+# PyDERASN -- Python ASN.1 DER/CER/BER codec with abstract structures
+# Copyright (C) 2017-2024 Sergey Matveev <stargrave@stargrave.org>
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as
@@ -20,7 +20,10 @@ from copy import deepcopy
 from datetime import datetime
 from datetime import timedelta
 from importlib import import_module
+from io import BytesIO
+from operator import attrgetter
 from os import environ
+from os import urandom
 from random import random
 from string import ascii_letters
 from string import digits
@@ -29,7 +32,9 @@ from string import whitespace
 from time import mktime
 from time import time
 from unittest import TestCase
+from unittest.mock import patch
 
+from dateutil.tz import UTC
 from hypothesis import assume
 from hypothesis import given
 from hypothesis import settings
@@ -49,18 +54,9 @@ from hypothesis.strategies import sampled_from
 from hypothesis.strategies import sets
 from hypothesis.strategies import text
 from hypothesis.strategies import tuples
-from six import assertRaisesRegex
-from six import binary_type
-from six import byte2int
-from six import indexbytes
-from six import int2byte
-from six import iterbytes
-from six import PY2
-from six import text_type
-from six import unichr as six_unichr
-from six.moves.cPickle import dumps as pickle_dumps
-from six.moves.cPickle import HIGHEST_PROTOCOL as pickle_proto
-from six.moves.cPickle import loads as pickle_loads
+from pickle import dumps as pickle_dumps
+from pickle import HIGHEST_PROTOCOL as pickle_proto
+from pickle import loads as pickle_loads
 
 from pyderasn import _pp
 from pyderasn import abs_decode_path
@@ -72,6 +68,8 @@ from pyderasn import BoundsError
 from pyderasn import Choice
 from pyderasn import DecodeError
 from pyderasn import DecodePathDefBy
+from pyderasn import encode2pass
+from pyderasn import encode_cer
 from pyderasn import Enumerated
 from pyderasn import EOC
 from pyderasn import EOC_LEN
@@ -125,6 +123,7 @@ from pyderasn import UTCTime
 from pyderasn import UTF8String
 from pyderasn import VideotexString
 from pyderasn import VisibleString
+import pyderasn
 
 
 max_examples = environ.get("MAX_EXAMPLES")
@@ -163,7 +162,7 @@ def register_class(klass):
 def assert_exceeding_data(self, call, junk):
     if len(junk) <= 0:
         return
-    with assertRaisesRegex(self, ExceedingData, "%d trailing bytes" % len(junk)) as err:
+    with self.assertRaisesRegex(ExceedingData, "%d trailing bytes" % len(junk)) as err:
         call()
     repr(err)
 
@@ -187,8 +186,8 @@ class TestTagCoder(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(tag_decode(raw), (klass, form, num))
         self.assertEqual(len(raw), 1)
         self.assertEqual(
-            byte2int(tag_encode(klass=klass, form=form, num=0)),
-            byte2int(raw) & (1 << 7 | 1 << 6 | 1 << 5),
+            tag_encode(klass=klass, form=form, num=0)[0],
+            raw[0] & (1 << 7 | 1 << 6 | 1 << 5),
         )
         stripped, tlen, tail = tag_strip(memoryview(raw + junk))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(stripped.tobytes(), raw)
@@ -207,11 +206,11 @@ class TestTagCoder(TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(tag_decode(raw), (klass, form, num))
         self.assertGreater(len(raw), 1)
         self.assertEqual(
-            byte2int(tag_encode(klass=klass, form=form, num=0)) | 31,
-            byte2int(raw[:1]),
+            tag_encode(klass=klass, form=form, num=0)[0] | 31,
+            raw[0],
         )
-        self.assertEqual(byte2int(raw[-1:]) & 0x80, 0)
-        self.assertTrue(all(b & 0x80 > 0 for b in iterbytes(raw[1:-1])))
+        self.assertEqual(raw[-1] & 0x80, 0)
+        self.assertTrue(all(b & 0x80 > 0 for b in raw[1:-1]))
         stripped, tlen, tail = tag_strip(memoryview(raw + junk))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(stripped.tobytes(), raw)
         self.assertEqual(tlen, len(raw))
@@ -223,7 +222,7 @@ class TestTagCoder(TestCase):
         raw = bytearray(tag_encode(num=num))
         for i in range(1, len(raw)):
             raw[i] |= 0x80
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "unfinished tag"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "unfinished tag"):
             tag_strip(bytes(raw))
 
     def test_go_vectors_valid(self):
@@ -265,11 +264,24 @@ class TestTagCoder(TestCase):
         integers(min_value=0, max_value=2),
     )
     def test_long_instead_of_short(self, l, dummy_num):
-        octets = (b"\x00" * dummy_num) + int2byte(l)
-        octets = int2byte((dummy_num + 1) | 0x80) + octets
+        octets = (b"\x00" * dummy_num) + bytes([l])
+        octets = bytes([(dummy_num + 1) | 0x80]) + octets
         with self.assertRaises(DecodeError):
             len_decode(octets)
 
+    @given(tag_classes, tag_forms, integers(min_value=31))
+    def test_leading_zero_byte(self, klass, form, num):
+        raw = tag_encode(klass=klass, form=form, num=num)
+        raw = b"".join((raw[:1], b"\x80", raw[1:]))
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "leading zero byte"):
+            tag_strip(raw)
+
+    @given(tag_classes, tag_forms, integers(max_value=30, min_value=0))
+    def test_unexpected_long_form(self, klass, form, num):
+        raw = bytes([klass | form | 31, num])
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "unexpected long form"):
+            tag_strip(raw)
+
 
 class TestLenCoder(TestCase):
     @settings(max_examples=LONG_TEST_MAX_EXAMPLES)
@@ -294,9 +306,9 @@ class TestLenCoder(TestCase):
         raw = len_encode(l) + junk
         decoded, llen, tail = len_decode(memoryview(raw))
         self.assertEqual(decoded, l)
-        self.assertEqual((llen - 1) | 0x80, byte2int(raw))
+        self.assertEqual((llen - 1) | 0x80, raw[0])
         self.assertEqual(llen, len(raw) - len(junk))
-        self.assertNotEqual(indexbytes(raw, 1), 0)
+        self.assertNotEqual(raw[1], 0)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(tail.tobytes(), junk)
 
     def test_empty(self):
@@ -315,8 +327,6 @@ text_printable = text(alphabet=printable, min_size=1)
 @composite
 def text_letters(draw):
     result = draw(text(alphabet=ascii_letters, min_size=1))
-    if PY2:
-        result = result.encode("ascii")
     return result
 
 
@@ -418,6 +428,8 @@ class TestBoolean(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         pprint(obj, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
         with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
             obj.encode()
+        with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
+            encode2pass(obj)
         repr(err.exception)
         obj = Boolean(value)
         self.assertTrue(obj.ready)
@@ -502,6 +514,8 @@ class TestBoolean(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         obj = Boolean(value, impl=tag_impl)
         with self.assertRaises(NotEnoughData):
             obj.decode(obj.encode()[:-1])
+        with self.assertRaises(NotEnoughData):
+            obj.decode(encode2pass(obj)[:-1])
 
     @given(
         booleans(),
@@ -511,6 +525,8 @@ class TestBoolean(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         obj = Boolean(value, expl=tag_expl)
         with self.assertRaises(NotEnoughData):
             obj.decode(obj.encode()[:-1])
+        with self.assertRaises(NotEnoughData):
+            obj.decode(encode2pass(obj)[:-1])
 
     @given(
         integers(min_value=31),
@@ -599,11 +615,19 @@ class TestBoolean(CommonMixin, TestCase):
             pprint(obj, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
             self.assertFalse(obj.expled)
             obj_encoded = obj.encode()
+            self.assertEqual(encode2pass(obj), obj_encoded)
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(encode_cer(obj), obj_encoded)
             obj_expled = obj(value, expl=tag_expl)
             self.assertTrue(obj_expled.expled)
             repr(obj_expled)
             list(obj_expled.pps())
             pprint(obj_expled, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
+            obj_expled_cer = encode_cer(obj_expled)
+            self.assertNotEqual(obj_expled_cer, obj_encoded)
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                obj_expled.decod(obj_expled_cer, ctx={"bered": True}).encode(),
+                obj_expled.encode(),
+            )
             obj_expled_hex_encoded = obj_expled.hexencode()
             ctx_copied = deepcopy(ctx_dummy)
             obj_decoded, tail = obj_expled.hexdecode(
@@ -655,7 +679,7 @@ class TestBoolean(CommonMixin, TestCase):
             repr(obj)
             list(obj.pps())
 
-    @given(integers(min_value=2))
+    @given(integers(min_value=2, max_value=10))
     def test_invalid_len(self, l):
         with self.assertRaises(InvalidLength):
             Boolean().decode(b"".join((
@@ -666,17 +690,13 @@ class TestBoolean(CommonMixin, TestCase):
 
     @given(integers(min_value=0 + 1, max_value=255 - 1))
     def test_ber_value(self, value):
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "unacceptable Boolean value"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "unacceptable Boolean value"):
             Boolean().decode(b"".join((
                 Boolean.tag_default,
                 len_encode(1),
-                int2byte(value),
+                bytes([value]),
             )))
-        encoded = b"".join((
-            Boolean.tag_default,
-            len_encode(1),
-            int2byte(value),
-        ))
+        encoded = b"".join((Boolean.tag_default, len_encode(1), bytes([value])))
         obj, _ = Boolean().decode(encoded, ctx={"bered": True})
         list(Boolean().decode_evgen(encoded, ctx={"bered": True}))
         self.assertTrue(bool(obj))
@@ -696,7 +716,7 @@ class TestBoolean(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         encoded = expl + LENINDEF + Boolean(False).encode()
         with self.assertRaises(LenIndefForm):
             Boolean(expl=expl).decode(encoded + junk)
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "no EOC"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "no EOC"):
             Boolean(expl=expl).decode(encoded + junk, ctx={"bered": True})
         obj, tail = Boolean(expl=expl).decode(
             encoded + EOC + junk,
@@ -852,6 +872,8 @@ class TestInteger(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         pprint(obj, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
         with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
             obj.encode()
+        with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
+            encode2pass(obj)
         repr(err.exception)
         obj = Integer(value)
         self.assertTrue(obj.ready)
@@ -909,19 +931,27 @@ class TestInteger(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(BoundsError) as err:
             Integer(value=values[0], bounds=(values[1], values[2]))
         repr(err.exception)
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
             Integer(bounds=(values[1], values[2])).decode(
                 Integer(values[0]).encode()
             )
         repr(err.exception)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
+            Integer(bounds=(values[1], values[2])).decode(
+                encode2pass(Integer(values[0]))
+            )
         with self.assertRaises(BoundsError) as err:
             Integer(value=values[2], bounds=(values[0], values[1]))
         repr(err.exception)
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
             Integer(bounds=(values[0], values[1])).decode(
                 Integer(values[2]).encode()
             )
         repr(err.exception)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
+            Integer(bounds=(values[0], values[1])).decode(
+                encode2pass(Integer(values[2]))
+            )
 
     @given(data_strategy())
     def test_call(self, d):
@@ -1113,12 +1143,20 @@ class TestInteger(CommonMixin, TestCase):
             pprint(obj, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
             self.assertFalse(obj.expled)
             obj_encoded = obj.encode()
+            self.assertEqual(encode2pass(obj), obj_encoded)
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(encode_cer(obj), obj_encoded)
             obj_expled = obj(value, expl=tag_expl)
             self.assertTrue(obj_expled.expled)
             repr(obj_expled)
             list(obj_expled.pps())
             pprint(obj_expled, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
             obj_expled_encoded = obj_expled.encode()
+            obj_expled_cer = encode_cer(obj_expled)
+            self.assertNotEqual(obj_expled_cer, obj_encoded)
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                obj_expled.decod(obj_expled_cer, ctx={"bered": True}).encode(),
+                obj_expled_encoded,
+            )
             ctx_copied = deepcopy(ctx_dummy)
             obj_decoded, tail = obj_expled.decode(
                 obj_expled_encoded + tail_junk,
@@ -1234,6 +1272,8 @@ def bit_string_values_strategy(draw, schema=None, value_required=False, do_expl=
         if generation_choice == 2 or draw(booleans()):
             return draw(binary(max_size=len(schema) // 8))
         if generation_choice == 3 or draw(booleans()):
+            if len(schema) == 0:
+                return ()
             return tuple(draw(lists(sampled_from([name for name, _ in schema]))))
         return None
     value = _value(value_required)
@@ -1344,6 +1384,8 @@ class TestBitString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
             obj.encode()
         repr(err.exception)
+        with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
+            encode2pass(obj)
         obj = BitString(value)
         self.assertTrue(obj.ready)
         repr(obj)
@@ -1522,12 +1564,20 @@ class TestBitString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
             pprint(obj, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
             self.assertFalse(obj.expled)
             obj_encoded = obj.encode()
+            self.assertEqual(encode2pass(obj), obj_encoded)
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(encode_cer(obj), obj_encoded)
             obj_expled = obj(value, expl=tag_expl)
             self.assertTrue(obj_expled.expled)
             repr(obj_expled)
             list(obj_expled.pps())
             pprint(obj_expled, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
             obj_expled_encoded = obj_expled.encode()
+            obj_expled_cer = encode_cer(obj_expled)
+            self.assertNotEqual(obj_expled_cer, obj_encoded)
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                obj_expled.decod(obj_expled_cer, ctx={"bered": True}).encode(),
+                obj_expled_encoded,
+            )
             ctx_copied = deepcopy(ctx_dummy)
             obj_decoded, tail = obj_expled.decode(
                 obj_expled_encoded + tail_junk,
@@ -1587,7 +1637,7 @@ class TestBitString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
             BitString().decode(b"".join((
                 BitString.tag_default,
                 len_encode(1),
-                int2byte(pad_size),
+                bytes([pad_size]),
             )))
 
     def test_go_vectors_invalid(self):
@@ -1659,7 +1709,7 @@ class TestBitString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         payload_expected = b""
         bit_len_expected = 0
         for chunk_input in chunk_inputs:
-            if isinstance(chunk_input, binary_type):
+            if isinstance(chunk_input, bytes):
                 chunks.append(BitString(chunk_input).encode())
                 payload_expected += chunk_input
                 bit_len_expected += len(chunk_input) * 8
@@ -1691,7 +1741,7 @@ class TestBitString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
             b"".join(chunks) +
             chunk_last.encode()
         )
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "unallowed BER"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "unallowed BER"):
             BitString(impl=tag_encode(impl)).decode(encoded_indefinite)
         for lenindef_expected, encoded in (
                 (True, encoded_indefinite),
@@ -1731,7 +1781,7 @@ class TestBitString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         decode_path_strat,
     )
     def test_ber_definite_too_short(self, offset, decode_path):
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "longer than data") as err:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "longer than data") as err:
             BitString().decode(
                 tag_encode(3, form=TagFormConstructed) + len_encode(1),
                 offset=offset,
@@ -1746,7 +1796,7 @@ class TestBitString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         decode_path_strat,
     )
     def test_ber_definite_no_data(self, offset, decode_path):
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "zero length") as err:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "zero length") as err:
             BitString().decode(
                 tag_encode(3, form=TagFormConstructed) + len_encode(0),
                 offset=offset,
@@ -1781,7 +1831,7 @@ class TestBitString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
     def test_ber_definite_chunk_out_of_bounds(self, offset, decode_path, chunks):
         bs = BitString(b"data").encode()
         bs_longer = BitString(b"data-longer").encode()
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "chunk out of bounds") as err:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "chunk out of bounds") as err:
             BitString().decode(
                 (
                     tag_encode(3, form=TagFormConstructed) +
@@ -1801,7 +1851,7 @@ class TestBitString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         decode_path_strat,
     )
     def test_ber_indefinite_no_chunks(self, offset, decode_path):
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "no chunks") as err:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "no chunks") as err:
             BitString().decode(
                 tag_encode(3, form=TagFormConstructed) + LENINDEF + EOC,
                 offset=offset,
@@ -1821,7 +1871,7 @@ class TestBitString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         chunks.append(bs_short)
         offset = d.draw(integers(min_value=0))
         decode_path = d.draw(decode_path_strat)
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "multiple of 8 bits") as err:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "multiple of 8 bits") as err:
             BitString().decode(
                 (
                     tag_encode(3, form=TagFormConstructed) +
@@ -1861,6 +1911,24 @@ class TestBitString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         self.assertTrue(obj.lenindef)
         self.assertTrue(obj.bered)
 
+    @settings(max_examples=LONG_TEST_MAX_EXAMPLES)
+    @given(integers(min_value=1000, max_value=3000))
+    def test_cer(self, data_len):
+        data = urandom(data_len)
+        encoded = encode_cer(BitString(data))
+        ctx = {"bered": True}
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(bytes(BitString().decod(encoded, ctx=ctx)), data)
+        evgens = list(BitString().decode_evgen(encoded, ctx=ctx))
+        evgens_expected = data_len // 999
+        if evgens_expected * 999 != data_len:
+            evgens_expected += 1
+        evgens_expected += 1
+        self.assertEqual(len(evgens), evgens_expected)
+        for (_, obj, _) in evgens[:-2]:
+            self.assertEqual(obj.vlen, 1000)
+        _, obj, _ = evgens[-2]
+        self.assertEqual(obj.vlen, 1 + data_len - len(evgens[:-2]) * 999)
+
 
 @composite
 def octet_string_values_strategy(draw, do_expl=False):
@@ -1904,7 +1972,7 @@ class TestOctetString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
 
     def test_invalid_value_type(self):
         with self.assertRaises(InvalidValueType) as err:
-            OctetString(text_type(123))
+            OctetString(str(123))
         repr(err.exception)
 
     @given(booleans())
@@ -1922,6 +1990,8 @@ class TestOctetString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
             obj.encode()
         repr(err.exception)
+        with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
+            encode2pass(obj)
         obj = OctetString(value)
         self.assertTrue(obj.ready)
         repr(obj)
@@ -1963,20 +2033,28 @@ class TestOctetString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(BoundsError) as err:
             OctetString(value=value, bounds=(bound_min, bound_max))
         repr(err.exception)
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
             OctetString(bounds=(bound_min, bound_max)).decode(
                 OctetString(value).encode()
             )
         repr(err.exception)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
+            OctetString(bounds=(bound_min, bound_max)).decode(
+                encode2pass(OctetString(value))
+            )
         value = d.draw(binary(min_size=bound_max + 1))
         with self.assertRaises(BoundsError) as err:
             OctetString(value=value, bounds=(bound_min, bound_max))
         repr(err.exception)
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
             OctetString(bounds=(bound_min, bound_max)).decode(
                 OctetString(value).encode()
             )
         repr(err.exception)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
+            OctetString(bounds=(bound_min, bound_max)).decode(
+                encode2pass(OctetString(value))
+            )
 
     @given(data_strategy())
     def test_call(self, d):
@@ -2138,8 +2216,18 @@ class TestOctetString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         integers(min_value=0),
         binary(max_size=5),
         decode_path_strat,
+        booleans(),
     )
-    def test_symmetric(self, values, value, tag_expl, offset, tail_junk, decode_path):
+    def test_symmetric(
+            self,
+            values,
+            value,
+            tag_expl,
+            offset,
+            tail_junk,
+            decode_path,
+            keep_memoryview,
+    ):
         for klass in (OctetString, OctetStringInherited):
             _, _, _, _, default, optional, _decoded = values
             obj = klass(
@@ -2153,12 +2241,21 @@ class TestOctetString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
             pprint(obj, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
             self.assertFalse(obj.expled)
             obj_encoded = obj.encode()
+            self.assertEqual(encode2pass(obj), obj_encoded)
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(encode_cer(obj), obj_encoded)
             obj_expled = obj(value, expl=tag_expl)
             self.assertTrue(obj_expled.expled)
             repr(obj_expled)
             list(obj_expled.pps())
             pprint(obj_expled, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
             obj_expled_encoded = obj_expled.encode()
+            obj_expled_cer = encode_cer(obj_expled)
+            self.assertNotEqual(obj_expled_cer, obj_encoded)
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                obj_expled.decod(obj_expled_cer, ctx={"bered": True}).encode(),
+                obj_expled_encoded,
+            )
+            ctx_dummy["keep_memoryview"] = keep_memoryview
             ctx_copied = deepcopy(ctx_dummy)
             obj_decoded, tail = obj_expled.decode(
                 obj_expled_encoded + tail_junk,
@@ -2174,6 +2271,10 @@ class TestOctetString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
             self.assertNotEqual(obj_decoded, obj)
             self.assertEqual(bytes(obj_decoded), bytes(obj_expled))
             self.assertEqual(bytes(obj_decoded), bytes(obj))
+            self.assertIsInstance(
+                obj_decoded._value,
+                memoryview if keep_memoryview else bytes,
+            )
             self.assertSequenceEqual(obj_decoded.encode(), obj_expled_encoded)
             self.assertSequenceEqual(obj_decoded.expl_tag, tag_expl)
             self.assertEqual(obj_decoded.expl_tlen, len(tag_expl))
@@ -2238,7 +2339,7 @@ class TestOctetString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         chunks_len_expected = []
         payload_expected = b""
         for chunk_input in chunk_inputs:
-            if isinstance(chunk_input, binary_type):
+            if isinstance(chunk_input, bytes):
                 chunks.append(OctetString(chunk_input).encode())
                 payload_expected += chunk_input
                 chunks_len_expected.append(len(chunk_input))
@@ -2260,7 +2361,7 @@ class TestOctetString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
             len_encode(len(b"".join(chunks))) +
             b"".join(chunks)
         )
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "unallowed BER"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "unallowed BER"):
             OctetString(impl=tag_encode(impl)).decode(encoded_indefinite)
         for lenindef_expected, encoded in (
                 (True, encoded_indefinite),
@@ -2299,7 +2400,7 @@ class TestOctetString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         decode_path_strat,
     )
     def test_ber_definite_too_short(self, offset, decode_path):
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "longer than data") as err:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "longer than data") as err:
             OctetString().decode(
                 tag_encode(4, form=TagFormConstructed) + len_encode(1),
                 offset=offset,
@@ -2334,7 +2435,7 @@ class TestOctetString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
     def test_ber_definite_chunk_out_of_bounds(self, offset, decode_path, chunks):
         bs = OctetString(b"data").encode()
         bs_longer = OctetString(b"data-longer").encode()
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "chunk out of bounds") as err:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "chunk out of bounds") as err:
             OctetString().decode(
                 (
                     tag_encode(4, form=TagFormConstructed) +
@@ -2349,6 +2450,24 @@ class TestOctetString(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(err.exception.decode_path, decode_path + (str(chunks),))
         self.assertEqual(err.exception.offset, offset + 1 + 1 + chunks * len(bs))
 
+    @settings(max_examples=LONG_TEST_MAX_EXAMPLES)
+    @given(integers(min_value=1001, max_value=3000))
+    def test_cer(self, data_len):
+        data = urandom(data_len)
+        encoded = encode_cer(OctetString(data))
+        ctx = {"bered": True}
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(bytes(OctetString().decod(encoded, ctx=ctx)), data)
+        evgens = list(OctetString().decode_evgen(encoded, ctx=ctx))
+        evgens_expected = data_len // 1000
+        if evgens_expected * 1000 != data_len:
+            evgens_expected += 1
+        evgens_expected += 1
+        self.assertEqual(len(evgens), evgens_expected)
+        for (_, obj, _) in evgens[:-2]:
+            self.assertEqual(obj.vlen, 1000)
+        _, obj, _ = evgens[-2]
+        self.assertEqual(obj.vlen, data_len - len(evgens[:-2]) * 1000)
+
 
 @composite
 def null_values_strategy(draw, do_expl=False):
@@ -2498,12 +2617,20 @@ class TestNull(CommonMixin, TestCase):
             pprint(obj, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
             self.assertFalse(obj.expled)
             obj_encoded = obj.encode()
+            self.assertEqual(encode2pass(obj), obj_encoded)
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(encode_cer(obj), obj_encoded)
             obj_expled = obj(expl=tag_expl)
             self.assertTrue(obj_expled.expled)
             repr(obj_expled)
             list(obj_expled.pps())
             pprint(obj_expled, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
             obj_expled_encoded = obj_expled.encode()
+            obj_expled_cer = encode_cer(obj_expled)
+            self.assertNotEqual(obj_expled_cer, obj_encoded)
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                obj_expled.decod(obj_expled_cer, ctx={"bered": True}).encode(),
+                obj_expled_encoded,
+            )
             ctx_copied = deepcopy(ctx_dummy)
             obj_decoded, tail = obj_expled.decode(
                 obj_expled_encoded + tail_junk,
@@ -2552,7 +2679,6 @@ class TestNull(CommonMixin, TestCase):
             repr(obj)
             list(obj.pps())
 
-
     @given(integers(min_value=1))
     def test_invalid_len(self, l):
         with self.assertRaises(InvalidLength):
@@ -2569,8 +2695,8 @@ def oid_strategy(draw):
     if first_arc in (0, 1):
         second_arc = draw(integers(min_value=0, max_value=39))
     else:
-        second_arc = draw(integers(min_value=0))
-    other_arcs = draw(lists(integers(min_value=0)))
+        second_arc = draw(integers(min_value=0, max_value=1 << 63))
+    other_arcs = draw(lists(integers(min_value=0, max_value=1 << 63)))
     return tuple([first_arc, second_arc] + other_arcs)
 
 
@@ -2620,6 +2746,8 @@ class TestObjectIdentifier(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
             obj.encode()
         repr(err.exception)
+        with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
+            encode2pass(obj)
         obj = ObjectIdentifier(value)
         self.assertTrue(obj.ready)
         self.assertFalse(obj.ber_encoded)
@@ -2796,24 +2924,30 @@ class TestObjectIdentifier(CommonMixin, TestCase):
             len_encode(len(data)),
             data,
         ))
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "unfinished OID"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "unfinished OID"):
             obj.decode(data)
 
-    @given(integers(min_value=0))
+    @given(integers(min_value=0, max_value=1 << 63))
     def test_invalid_short(self, value):
         with self.assertRaises(InvalidOID):
             ObjectIdentifier((value,))
         with self.assertRaises(InvalidOID):
             ObjectIdentifier("%d" % value)
 
-    @given(integers(min_value=3), integers(min_value=0))
+    @given(
+        integers(min_value=3, max_value=1 << 63),
+        integers(min_value=0, max_value=1 << 63),
+    )
     def test_invalid_first_arc(self, first_arc, second_arc):
         with self.assertRaises(InvalidOID):
             ObjectIdentifier((first_arc, second_arc))
         with self.assertRaises(InvalidOID):
             ObjectIdentifier("%d.%d" % (first_arc, second_arc))
 
-    @given(integers(min_value=0, max_value=1), integers(min_value=40))
+    @given(
+        integers(min_value=0, max_value=1),
+        integers(min_value=40, max_value=1 << 63),
+    )
     def test_invalid_second_arc(self, first_arc, second_arc):
         with self.assertRaises(InvalidOID):
             ObjectIdentifier((first_arc, second_arc))
@@ -2857,12 +2991,20 @@ class TestObjectIdentifier(CommonMixin, TestCase):
             pprint(obj, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
             self.assertFalse(obj.expled)
             obj_encoded = obj.encode()
+            self.assertEqual(encode2pass(obj), obj_encoded)
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(encode_cer(obj), obj_encoded)
             obj_expled = obj(value, expl=tag_expl)
             self.assertTrue(obj_expled.expled)
             repr(obj_expled)
             list(obj_expled.pps())
             pprint(obj_expled, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
             obj_expled_encoded = obj_expled.encode()
+            obj_expled_cer = encode_cer(obj_expled)
+            self.assertNotEqual(obj_expled_cer, obj_encoded)
+            self.assertSequenceEqual(
+                obj_expled.decod(obj_expled_cer, ctx={"bered": True}).encode(),
+                obj_expled_encoded,
+            )
             ctx_copied = deepcopy(ctx_dummy)
             obj_decoded, tail = obj_expled.decode(
                 obj_expled_encoded + tail_junk,
@@ -2949,6 +3091,10 @@ class TestObjectIdentifier(CommonMixin, TestCase):
                 data,
             )))
 
+    def test_go_non_minimal_encoding(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(DecodeError):
+            ObjectIdentifier().decode(hexdec("060a2a80864886f70d01010b"))
+
     def test_x690_vector(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             ObjectIdentifier().decode(hexdec("0603883703"))[0],
@@ -2968,7 +3114,7 @@ class TestObjectIdentifier(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         obj = copy(obj)
         self.assertTrue(obj.ber_encoded)
         self.assertTrue(obj.bered)
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "non normalized arc encoding"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "non normalized arc encoding"):
             ObjectIdentifier().decode(tampered)
 
     @given(data_strategy())
@@ -3023,7 +3169,7 @@ class TestObjectIdentifier(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         obj = copy(obj)
         self.assertTrue(obj.ber_encoded)
         self.assertTrue(obj.bered)
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "non normalized arc encoding"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "non normalized arc encoding"):
             ObjectIdentifier().decode(tampered)
 
 
@@ -3061,7 +3207,7 @@ class TestEnumerated(CommonMixin, TestCase):
     base_klass = EWhatever
 
     def test_schema_required(self):
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, ValueError, "schema must be specified"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "schema must be specified"):
             Enumerated()
 
     def test_invalid_value_type(self):
@@ -3245,6 +3391,7 @@ class TestEnumerated(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         pprint(obj, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
         self.assertFalse(obj.expled)
         obj_encoded = obj.encode()
+        self.assertEqual(encode2pass(obj), obj_encoded)
         obj_expled = obj(value, expl=tag_expl)
         self.assertTrue(obj_expled.expled)
         repr(obj_expled)
@@ -3342,9 +3489,7 @@ class StringMixin(object):
         repr(err.exception)
 
     def text_alphabet(self):
-        if self.base_klass.encoding in ("ascii", "iso-8859-1"):
-            return printable + whitespace
-        return None
+        return "".join(chr(c) for c in range(256))
 
     @given(booleans())
     def test_optional(self, optional):
@@ -3358,17 +3503,19 @@ class StringMixin(object):
         repr(obj)
         list(obj.pps())
         pprint(obj, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
-        text_type(obj)
+        str(obj)
         with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
             obj.encode()
         repr(err.exception)
+        with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
+            encode2pass(obj)
         value = d.draw(text(alphabet=self.text_alphabet()))
         obj = self.base_klass(value)
         self.assertTrue(obj.ready)
         repr(obj)
         list(obj.pps())
         pprint(obj, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
-        text_type(obj)
+        str(obj)
 
     @given(data_strategy())
     def test_comparison(self, d):
@@ -3381,7 +3528,7 @@ class StringMixin(object):
         self.assertEqual(obj1 == obj2, value1 == value2)
         self.assertEqual(obj1 != obj2, value1 != value2)
         self.assertEqual(obj1 == bytes(obj2), value1 == value2)
-        self.assertEqual(obj1 == text_type(obj2), value1 == value2)
+        self.assertEqual(obj1 == str(obj2), value1 == value2)
         obj1 = self.base_klass(value1, impl=tag1)
         obj2 = self.base_klass(value1, impl=tag2)
         self.assertEqual(obj1 == obj2, tag1 == tag2)
@@ -3406,20 +3553,28 @@ class StringMixin(object):
         with self.assertRaises(BoundsError) as err:
             self.base_klass(value=value, bounds=(bound_min, bound_max))
         repr(err.exception)
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
             self.base_klass(bounds=(bound_min, bound_max)).decode(
                 self.base_klass(value).encode()
             )
         repr(err.exception)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
+            self.base_klass(bounds=(bound_min, bound_max)).decode(
+                encode2pass(self.base_klass(value))
+            )
         value = d.draw(text(alphabet=self.text_alphabet(), min_size=bound_max + 1))
         with self.assertRaises(BoundsError) as err:
             self.base_klass(value=value, bounds=(bound_min, bound_max))
         repr(err.exception)
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
             self.base_klass(bounds=(bound_min, bound_max)).decode(
                 self.base_klass(value).encode()
             )
         repr(err.exception)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
+            self.base_klass(bounds=(bound_min, bound_max)).decode(
+                encode2pass(self.base_klass(value))
+            )
 
     @given(data_strategy())
     def test_call(self, d):
@@ -3595,6 +3750,7 @@ class StringMixin(object):
         pprint(obj, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
         self.assertFalse(obj.expled)
         obj_encoded = obj.encode()
+        self.assertEqual(encode2pass(obj), obj_encoded)
         obj_expled = obj(value, expl=tag_expl)
         self.assertTrue(obj_expled.expled)
         repr(obj_expled)
@@ -3616,8 +3772,8 @@ class StringMixin(object):
         self.assertNotEqual(obj_decoded, obj)
         self.assertEqual(bytes(obj_decoded), bytes(obj_expled))
         self.assertEqual(bytes(obj_decoded), bytes(obj))
-        self.assertEqual(text_type(obj_decoded), text_type(obj_expled))
-        self.assertEqual(text_type(obj_decoded), text_type(obj))
+        self.assertEqual(str(obj_decoded), str(obj_expled))
+        self.assertEqual(str(obj_decoded), str(obj))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(obj_decoded.encode(), obj_expled_encoded)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(obj_decoded.expl_tag, tag_expl)
         self.assertEqual(obj_decoded.expl_tlen, len(tag_expl))
@@ -3655,17 +3811,33 @@ class StringMixin(object):
         list(obj.pps())
 
 
-class TestUTF8String(StringMixin, CommonMixin, TestCase):
-    base_klass = UTF8String
-
-
 cyrillic_letters = text(
-    alphabet="".join(six_unichr(i) for i in list(range(0x0410, 0x044f + 1))),
+    alphabet="".join(chr(i) for i in list(range(0x0410, 0x044f + 1))),
     min_size=1,
     max_size=5,
 )
 
 
+class TestUTF8String(StringMixin, CommonMixin, TestCase):
+    base_klass = UTF8String
+
+    @given(cyrillic_letters)
+    def test_byte_per_primitive(self, chars):
+        char = chars[0]
+        char_raw = char.encode("utf-8")
+        encoded = b"".join((
+            self.base_klass().tag_constructed,
+            LENINDEF,
+            OctetString(char_raw[:1]).encode(),
+            OctetString(char_raw[1:2]).encode(),
+            EOC,
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.base_klass().decod(encoded, ctx={"bered": True}),
+            char,
+        )
+
+
 class UnicodeDecodeErrorMixin(object):
     @given(cyrillic_letters)
     def test_unicode_decode_error(self, cyrillic_text):
@@ -3681,7 +3853,7 @@ class TestNumericString(StringMixin, CommonMixin, TestCase):
 
     @given(text(alphabet=ascii_letters, min_size=1, max_size=5))
     def test_non_numeric(self, non_numeric_text):
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "non-numeric"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "alphabet value"):
             self.base_klass(non_numeric_text)
 
     @given(
@@ -3704,6 +3876,19 @@ class TestNumericString(StringMixin, CommonMixin, TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(err.exception.offset, offset)
         self.assertEqual(err.exception.decode_path, decode_path)
 
+    def test_byte_per_primitive(self):
+        encoded = b"".join((
+            self.base_klass().tag_constructed,
+            LENINDEF,
+            OctetString(b"1").encode(),
+            OctetString(b"2").encode(),
+            EOC,
+        ))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            self.base_klass().decod(encoded, ctx={"bered": True}),
+            "12",
+        )
+
 
 class TestPrintableString(
         UnicodeDecodeErrorMixin,
@@ -3718,7 +3903,7 @@ class TestPrintableString(
 
     @given(text(alphabet=sorted(set(whitespace) - set(" ")), min_size=1, max_size=5))
     def test_non_printable(self, non_printable_text):
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "non-printable"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "alphabet value"):
             self.base_klass(non_printable_text)
 
     @given(
@@ -3752,7 +3937,7 @@ class TestPrintableString(
             for prop in kwargs.keys():
                 self.assertFalse(getattr(obj, prop))
             s += c
-            with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "non-printable"):
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "alphabet value"):
                 self.base_klass(s)
             self.base_klass(s, **kwargs)
             klass = self.base_klass(**kwargs)
@@ -3791,6 +3976,18 @@ class TestIA5String(
 ):
     base_klass = IA5String
 
+    def text_alphabet(self):
+        return "".join(chr(c) for c in range(128))
+
+    @given(integers(min_value=128, max_value=255))
+    def test_alphabet_bad(self, code):
+        with self.assertRaises(DecodeError):
+            self.base_klass().decod(
+                self.base_klass.tag_default +
+                len_encode(1) +
+                bytes(bytearray([code])),
+            )
+
 
 class TestGraphicString(
         UnicodeDecodeErrorMixin,
@@ -3809,6 +4006,9 @@ class TestVisibleString(
 ):
     base_klass = VisibleString
 
+    def text_alphabet(self):
+        return " !\"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~"
+
     def test_x690_vector(self):
         obj, tail = VisibleString().decode(hexdec("1A054A6F6E6573"))
         self.assertSequenceEqual(tail, b"")
@@ -3845,6 +4045,38 @@ class TestVisibleString(
         self.assertTrue(obj.lenindef)
         self.assertTrue(obj.bered)
 
+    @given(one_of((
+        integers(min_value=0, max_value=ord(" ") - 1),
+        integers(min_value=ord("~") + 1, max_value=255),
+    )))
+    def test_alphabet_bad(self, code):
+        with self.assertRaises(DecodeError):
+            self.base_klass().decod(
+                self.base_klass.tag_default +
+                len_encode(1) +
+                bytes(bytearray([code])),
+            )
+
+    @given(
+        sets(integers(min_value=0, max_value=10), min_size=2, max_size=2),
+        integers(min_value=0),
+        decode_path_strat,
+    )
+    def test_invalid_bounds_while_decoding(self, ints, offset, decode_path):
+        value, bound_min = list(sorted(ints))
+
+        class String(self.base_klass):
+            bounds = (bound_min, bound_min)
+        with self.assertRaises(DecodeError) as err:
+            String().decode(
+                self.base_klass(b"1" * value).encode(),
+                offset=offset,
+                decode_path=decode_path,
+            )
+        repr(err.exception)
+        self.assertEqual(err.exception.offset, offset)
+        self.assertEqual(err.exception.decode_path, decode_path)
+
 
 class TestGeneralString(
         UnicodeDecodeErrorMixin,
@@ -3922,6 +4154,8 @@ class TimeMixin(object):
         with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
             obj.encode()
         repr(err.exception)
+        with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
+            encode2pass(obj)
         value = d.draw(datetimes(
             min_value=self.min_datetime,
             max_value=self.max_datetime,
@@ -4080,6 +4314,7 @@ class TimeMixin(object):
         pprint(obj, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
         self.assertFalse(obj.expled)
         obj_encoded = obj.encode()
+        self.assertEqual(encode2pass(obj), obj_encoded)
         self.additional_symmetric_check(value, obj_encoded)
         obj_expled = obj(value, expl=tag_expl)
         self.assertTrue(obj_expled.expled)
@@ -4134,7 +4369,7 @@ class TestGeneralizedTime(TimeMixin, CommonMixin, TestCase):
             self.assertFalse(obj_encoded.endswith(b"0Z"))
 
     def test_repr_not_ready(self):
-        unicode(GeneralizedTime()) if PY2 else str(GeneralizedTime())
+        str(GeneralizedTime())
         repr(GeneralizedTime())
 
     def test_x690_vector_valid(self):
@@ -4215,8 +4450,7 @@ class TestGeneralizedTime(TimeMixin, CommonMixin, TestCase):
     @settings(max_examples=LONG_TEST_MAX_EXAMPLES)
     @given(data_strategy())
     def test_valid_ber(self, d):
-        min_year = 1901 if PY2 else 2
-        year = d.draw(integers(min_value=min_year, max_value=9999))
+        year = d.draw(integers(min_value=2, max_value=9999))
         month = d.draw(integers(min_value=1, max_value=12))
         day = d.draw(integers(min_value=1, max_value=28))
         hours = d.draw(integers(min_value=0, max_value=23))
@@ -4273,8 +4507,13 @@ class TestGeneralizedTime(TimeMixin, CommonMixin, TestCase):
                 mktime(obj.todatetime().timetuple()),
                 mktime(dt.timetuple()),
             )
-        elif not PY2:
-            self.assertEqual(obj.todatetime().timestamp(), dt.timestamp())
+        else:
+            try:
+                obj.todatetime().timestamp()
+            except:
+                pass
+            else:
+                self.assertEqual(obj.todatetime().timestamp(), dt.timestamp())
         self.assertEqual(obj.ber_encoded, not dered)
         self.assertEqual(obj.bered, not dered)
         self.assertEqual(obj.ber_raw, None if dered else data)
@@ -4466,7 +4705,7 @@ class TestGeneralizedTime(TimeMixin, CommonMixin, TestCase):
 
     def test_ns_fractions(self):
         GeneralizedTime(b"20010101000000.000001Z")
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "only microsecond fractions"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "only microsecond fractions"):
             GeneralizedTime(b"20010101000000.0000001Z")
 
     def test_non_pure_integers(self):
@@ -4506,6 +4745,10 @@ class TestGeneralizedTime(TimeMixin, CommonMixin, TestCase):
             with self.assertRaises(DecodeError):
                 GeneralizedTime(data)
 
+    def test_aware(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "only naive"):
+            GeneralizedTime(datetime(2000, 1, 1, 1, tzinfo=UTC))
+
 
 class TestUTCTime(TimeMixin, CommonMixin, TestCase):
     base_klass = UTCTime
@@ -4518,7 +4761,7 @@ class TestUTCTime(TimeMixin, CommonMixin, TestCase):
         pass
 
     def test_repr_not_ready(self):
-        unicode(GeneralizedTime()) if PY2 else str(GeneralizedTime())
+        str(GeneralizedTime())
         repr(UTCTime())
 
     def test_x690_vector_valid(self):
@@ -4839,6 +5082,18 @@ class TestUTCTime(TimeMixin, CommonMixin, TestCase):
                 junk
             )
 
+    def test_aware(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "only naive"):
+            UTCTime(datetime(2000, 1, 1, 1, tzinfo=UTC))
+
+    def test_raises_if_no_dateutil(self):
+        with patch("pyderasn.tzUTC", new="missing"):
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(NotImplementedError, "dateutil"):
+                UTCTime(datetime.now()).totzdatetime()
+
+    def test_tzinfo_gives_datetime_with_tzutc_tzinfo(self):
+        self.assertEqual(UTCTime(datetime.now()).totzdatetime().tzinfo, UTC)
+
 
 @composite
 def tlv_value_strategy(draw):
@@ -4889,6 +5144,8 @@ class TestAny(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
             obj.encode()
         repr(err.exception)
+        with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
+            encode2pass(obj)
         obj = Any(value)
         self.assertTrue(obj.ready)
         repr(obj)
@@ -5025,8 +5282,18 @@ class TestAny(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         integers(min_value=0),
         binary(max_size=5),
         decode_path_strat,
+        booleans(),
     )
-    def test_symmetric(self, values, value, tag_expl, offset, tail_junk, decode_path):
+    def test_symmetric(
+            self,
+            values,
+            value,
+            tag_expl,
+            offset,
+            tail_junk,
+            decode_path,
+            keep_memoryview,
+    ):
         for klass in (Any, AnyInherited):
             _, _, optional, _decoded = values
             obj = klass(value=value, optional=optional, _decoded=_decoded)
@@ -5037,6 +5304,7 @@ class TestAny(CommonMixin, TestCase):
             tag_class, _, tag_num = tag_decode(tag_strip(value)[0])
             self.assertEqual(obj.tag_order, (tag_class, tag_num))
             obj_encoded = obj.encode()
+            self.assertEqual(encode2pass(obj), obj_encoded)
             obj_expled = obj(value, expl=tag_expl)
             self.assertTrue(obj_expled.expled)
             tag_class, _, tag_num = tag_decode(tag_expl)
@@ -5045,6 +5313,7 @@ class TestAny(CommonMixin, TestCase):
             list(obj_expled.pps())
             pprint(obj_expled, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
             obj_expled_encoded = obj_expled.encode()
+            ctx_dummy["keep_memoryview"] = keep_memoryview
             ctx_copied = deepcopy(ctx_dummy)
             obj_decoded, tail = obj_expled.decode(
                 obj_expled_encoded + tail_junk,
@@ -5059,6 +5328,10 @@ class TestAny(CommonMixin, TestCase):
             self.assertEqual(obj_decoded, obj_expled)
             self.assertEqual(bytes(obj_decoded), bytes(obj_expled))
             self.assertEqual(bytes(obj_decoded), bytes(obj))
+            self.assertIsInstance(
+                obj_decoded._value,
+                memoryview if keep_memoryview else bytes,
+            )
             self.assertSequenceEqual(obj_decoded.encode(), obj_expled_encoded)
             self.assertSequenceEqual(obj_decoded.expl_tag, tag_expl)
             self.assertEqual(obj_decoded.expl_tlen, len(tag_expl))
@@ -5236,11 +5509,11 @@ class TestChoice(CommonMixin, TestCase):
     base_klass = Wahl
 
     def test_schema_required(self):
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, ValueError, "schema must be specified"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "schema must be specified"):
             Choice()
 
     def test_impl_forbidden(self):
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, ValueError, "no implicit tag allowed"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "no implicit tag allowed"):
             Choice(impl=b"whatever")
 
     def test_invalid_value_type(self):
@@ -5273,6 +5546,8 @@ class TestChoice(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
             obj.encode()
         repr(err.exception)
+        with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
+            encode2pass(obj)
         obj["whatever"] = Boolean()
         self.assertFalse(obj.ready)
         repr(obj)
@@ -5421,6 +5696,7 @@ class TestChoice(CommonMixin, TestCase):
         self.assertFalse(obj.expled)
         self.assertEqual(obj.tag_order, obj.value.tag_order)
         obj_encoded = obj.encode()
+        self.assertEqual(encode2pass(obj), obj_encoded)
         obj_expled = obj(value, expl=tag_expl)
         self.assertTrue(obj_expled.expled)
         tag_class, _, tag_num = tag_decode(tag_expl)
@@ -5708,7 +5984,7 @@ def sequences_strategy(draw, seq_klass):
     return seq_outer, expect_outers
 
 
-class SeqMixing(object):
+class SeqMixin(object):
     def test_invalid_value_type(self):
         with self.assertRaises(InvalidValueType) as err:
             self.base_klass(123)
@@ -5768,6 +6044,8 @@ class SeqMixing(object):
         with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
             seq.encode()
         repr(err.exception)
+        with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
+            encode2pass(seq)
         for name, value in non_ready.items():
             seq[name] = Boolean(value)
         self.assertTrue(seq.ready)
@@ -5956,6 +6234,13 @@ class SeqMixing(object):
         pprint(seq, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
         self.assertTrue(seq.ready)
         seq_encoded = seq.encode()
+        self.assertEqual(encode2pass(seq), seq_encoded)
+        seq_encoded_cer = encode_cer(seq)
+        self.assertNotEqual(seq_encoded_cer, seq_encoded)
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            seq.decod(seq_encoded_cer, ctx={"bered": True}).encode(),
+            seq_encoded,
+        )
         seq_decoded, tail = seq.decode(seq_encoded + tail_junk)
         self.assertFalse(seq_decoded.lenindef)
         self.assertFalse(seq_decoded.ber_encoded)
@@ -6038,6 +6323,7 @@ class SeqMixing(object):
         seq, expect_outers = d.draw(sequences_strategy(seq_klass=self.base_klass))
         self.assertTrue(seq.ready)
         seq_encoded = seq.encode()
+        self.assertEqual(encode2pass(seq), seq_encoded)
         seq_decoded, tail = seq.decode(seq_encoded)
         self.assertEqual(tail, b"")
         self.assertTrue(seq.ready)
@@ -6095,24 +6381,34 @@ class SeqMixing(object):
             max_size=len(_schema),
         ))]
 
+        class Wahl(Choice):
+            schema = (("int", Integer()),)
+
         class SeqWithoutDefault(self.base_klass):
             schema = [
-                (n, Integer(impl=t))
+                (n, Wahl(expl=t))
                 for (n, _), t in zip(_schema, tags)
             ]
         seq_without_default = SeqWithoutDefault()
         for name, value in _schema:
-            seq_without_default[name] = Integer(value)
+            seq_without_default[name] = Wahl(("int", Integer(value)))
         seq_encoded = seq_without_default.encode()
+        seq_without_default.decode(seq_encoded)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(list(seq_without_default.decode_evgen(seq_encoded))),
+            len(_schema) * 2 + 1,
+        )
 
         class SeqWithDefault(self.base_klass):
             schema = [
-                (n, Integer(default=v, impl=t))
+                (n, Wahl(default=Wahl(("int", Integer(v))), expl=t))
                 for (n, v), t in zip(_schema, tags)
             ]
         seq_with_default = SeqWithDefault()
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "DEFAULT value met"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "DEFAULT value met"):
             seq_with_default.decode(seq_encoded)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "DEFAULT value met"):
+            list(seq_with_default.decode_evgen(seq_encoded))
         for ctx in ({"bered": True}, {"allow_default_values": True}):
             seq_decoded, _ = seq_with_default.decode(seq_encoded, ctx=ctx)
             self.assertTrue(seq_decoded.ber_encoded)
@@ -6122,7 +6418,21 @@ class SeqMixing(object):
             self.assertTrue(seq_decoded.bered)
             for name, value in _schema:
                 self.assertEqual(seq_decoded[name], seq_with_default[name])
-                self.assertEqual(seq_decoded[name], value)
+                self.assertEqual(seq_decoded[name].value, value)
+            self.assertEqual(
+                len(list(seq_with_default.decode_evgen(seq_encoded, ctx=ctx))),
+                len(_schema) + 1,
+            )
+
+        seq_without_default = SeqWithoutDefault()
+        for name, value in _schema:
+            seq_without_default[name] = Wahl(("int", Integer(value + 1)))
+        seq_encoded = seq_without_default.encode()
+        seq_with_default.decode(seq_encoded)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(list(seq_with_default.decode_evgen(seq_encoded))),
+            len(_schema) + 1,
+        )
 
     @given(data_strategy())
     def test_missing_from_spec(self, d):
@@ -6147,6 +6457,8 @@ class SeqMixing(object):
         seq_missing = SeqMissing()
         with self.assertRaises(TagMismatch):
             seq_missing.decode(seq_encoded)
+        with self.assertRaises(TagMismatch):
+            list(seq_missing.decode_evgen(seq_encoded))
 
     def test_bered(self):
         class Seq(self.base_klass):
@@ -6173,6 +6485,9 @@ class SeqMixing(object):
         encoded = Seq.tag_default + len_encode(len(encoded)) + encoded
         with self.assertRaises(DecodeError):
             Seq().decode(encoded)
+        with self.assertRaises(DecodeError):
+            list(Seq().decode_evgen(encoded))
+        list(Seq().decode_evgen(encoded, ctx={"bered": True}))
         decoded, _ = Seq().decode(encoded, ctx={"bered": True})
         self.assertFalse(decoded.ber_encoded)
         self.assertFalse(decoded.lenindef)
@@ -6183,7 +6498,7 @@ class SeqMixing(object):
         self.assertTrue(decoded.bered)
 
 
-class TestSequence(SeqMixing, CommonMixin, TestCase):
+class TestSequence(SeqMixin, CommonMixin, TestCase):
     base_klass = Sequence
 
     @given(
@@ -6201,7 +6516,7 @@ class TestSequence(SeqMixing, CommonMixin, TestCase):
             len_encode(len(int_encoded + junk)),
             int_encoded + junk,
         ))
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "remaining"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "remaining"):
             Seq().decode(junked)
 
     @given(sets(text_letters(), min_size=2))
@@ -6229,7 +6544,7 @@ class TestSequence(SeqMixing, CommonMixin, TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(seq["ok"], True)
 
 
-class TestSet(SeqMixing, CommonMixin, TestCase):
+class TestSet(SeqMixin, CommonMixin, TestCase):
     base_klass = Set
 
     @settings(max_examples=LONG_TEST_MAX_EXAMPLES)
@@ -6273,7 +6588,7 @@ class TestSet(SeqMixing, CommonMixin, TestCase):
             len_encode(len(encoded)),
             encoded,
         ))
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "unordered SET"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "unordered SET"):
             seq.decode(seq_encoded)
         for ctx in ({"bered": True}, {"allow_unordered_set": True}):
             seq_decoded, _ = Seq().decode(seq_encoded, ctx=ctx)
@@ -6344,7 +6659,7 @@ def seqof_values_strategy(draw, schema=None, do_expl=False):
     )
 
 
-class SeqOfMixing(object):
+class SeqOfMixin(object):
     def test_invalid_value_type(self):
         with self.assertRaises(InvalidValueType) as err:
             self.base_klass(123)
@@ -6358,7 +6673,7 @@ class SeqOfMixing(object):
         repr(err.exception)
 
     def test_schema_required(self):
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, ValueError, "schema must be specified"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "schema must be specified"):
             self.base_klass.__mro__[1]()
 
     @given(booleans(), booleans(), binary(min_size=1), binary(min_size=1))
@@ -6410,6 +6725,8 @@ class SeqOfMixing(object):
         with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
             seqof.encode()
         repr(err.exception)
+        with self.assertRaises(ObjNotReady) as err:
+            encode2pass(seqof)
         for i, value in enumerate(values):
             self.assertEqual(seqof[i], value)
             if not seqof[i].ready:
@@ -6444,15 +6761,19 @@ class SeqOfMixing(object):
             schema = Boolean()
         bound_min = d.draw(integers(min_value=1, max_value=1 << 7))
         bound_max = d.draw(integers(min_value=bound_min, max_value=1 << 7))
-        value = [Boolean(False)] * d.draw(integers(max_value=bound_min - 1))
+        value = [Boolean(False)] * d.draw(integers(min_value=0, max_value=bound_min - 1))
         with self.assertRaises(BoundsError) as err:
             SeqOf(value=value, bounds=(bound_min, bound_max))
         repr(err.exception)
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
             SeqOf(bounds=(bound_min, bound_max)).decode(
                 SeqOf(value).encode()
             )
         repr(err.exception)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
+            SeqOf(bounds=(bound_min, bound_max)).decode(
+                encode2pass(SeqOf(value))
+            )
         value = [Boolean(True)] * d.draw(integers(
             min_value=bound_max + 1,
             max_value=bound_max + 10,
@@ -6460,11 +6781,15 @@ class SeqOfMixing(object):
         with self.assertRaises(BoundsError) as err:
             SeqOf(value=value, bounds=(bound_min, bound_max))
         repr(err.exception)
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
             SeqOf(bounds=(bound_min, bound_max)).decode(
                 SeqOf(value).encode()
             )
         repr(err.exception)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "bounds") as err:
+            SeqOf(bounds=(bound_min, bound_max)).decode(
+                encode2pass(SeqOf(value))
+            )
 
     @given(integers(min_value=1, max_value=10))
     def test_out_of_bounds(self, bound_max):
@@ -6671,6 +6996,13 @@ class SeqOfMixing(object):
         pprint(obj, big_blobs=True, with_decode_path=True)
         self.assertFalse(obj.expled)
         obj_encoded = obj.encode()
+        self.assertEqual(encode2pass(obj), obj_encoded)
+        obj_encoded_cer = encode_cer(obj)
+        self.assertNotEqual(obj_encoded_cer, obj_encoded)
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            obj.decod(obj_encoded_cer, ctx={"bered": True}).encode(),
+            obj_encoded,
+        )
         obj_expled = obj(value, expl=tag_expl)
         self.assertTrue(obj_expled.expled)
         repr(obj_expled)
@@ -6797,7 +7129,7 @@ class SeqOfMixing(object):
         self.assertTrue(decoded.bered)
 
 
-class TestSequenceOf(SeqOfMixing, CommonMixin, TestCase):
+class TestSequenceOf(SeqOfMixin, CommonMixin, TestCase):
     class SeqOf(SequenceOf):
         schema = "whatever"
     base_klass = SeqOf
@@ -6806,8 +7138,82 @@ class TestSequenceOf(SeqOfMixing, CommonMixin, TestCase):
         self.assertEqual(obj1, obj2)
         self.assertSequenceEqual(list(obj1), list(obj2))
 
+    def test_iterator_pickling(self):
+        class SeqOf(SequenceOf):
+            schema = Integer()
+        register_class(SeqOf)
+        seqof = SeqOf()
+        pickle_dumps(seqof)
+        seqof = seqof(iter(range(10)))
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "iterator"):
+            pickle_dumps(seqof)
+
+    def test_iterator_bounds(self):
+        class SeqOf(SequenceOf):
+            schema = Integer()
+            bounds = (10, 20)
+        seqof = None
+
+        def gen(n):
+            for i in range(n):
+                yield Integer(i)
+        for n in (9, 21):
+            seqof = SeqOf(gen(n))
+            self.assertTrue(seqof.ready)
+            with self.assertRaises(BoundsError):
+                seqof.encode()
+            self.assertFalse(seqof.ready)
+            seqof = seqof(gen(n))
+            self.assertTrue(seqof.ready)
+            with self.assertRaises(BoundsError):
+                encode_cer(seqof)
+            self.assertFalse(seqof.ready)
+
+    def test_iterator_twice(self):
+        class SeqOf(SequenceOf):
+            schema = Integer()
+            bounds = (1, float("+inf"))
+
+        def gen():
+            for i in range(10):
+                yield Integer(i)
+        seqof = SeqOf(gen())
+        self.assertTrue(seqof.ready)
+        seqof.encode()
+        self.assertFalse(seqof.ready)
+        register_class(SeqOf)
+        pickle_dumps(seqof)
+
+    def test_iterator_2pass(self):
+        class SeqOf(SequenceOf):
+            schema = Integer()
+            bounds = (1, float("+inf"))
+
+        def gen():
+            for i in range(10):
+                yield Integer(i)
+        seqof = SeqOf(gen())
+        self.assertTrue(seqof.ready)
+        _, state = seqof.encode1st()
+        self.assertFalse(seqof.ready)
+        seqof = seqof(gen())
+        self.assertTrue(seqof.ready)
+        buf = BytesIO()
+        seqof.encode2nd(buf.write, iter(state))
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            [int(i) for i in seqof.decod(buf.getvalue())],
+            list(gen()),
+        )
+
+    def test_non_ready_bound_min(self):
+        class SeqOf(SequenceOf):
+            schema = Integer()
+            bounds = (1, float("+inf"))
+        seqof = SeqOf()
+        self.assertFalse(seqof.ready)
+
 
-class TestSetOf(SeqOfMixing, CommonMixin, TestCase):
+class TestSetOf(SeqOfMixin, CommonMixin, TestCase):
     class SeqOf(SetOf):
         schema = "whatever"
     base_klass = SeqOf
@@ -6853,7 +7259,7 @@ class TestSetOf(SeqOfMixing, CommonMixin, TestCase):
         class Seq(SetOf):
             schema = OctetString()
         seq = Seq()
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "unordered SET OF"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "unordered SET OF"):
             seq.decode(seq_encoded)
 
         for ctx in ({"bered": True}, {"allow_unordered_set": True}):
@@ -7011,10 +7417,10 @@ class TestGoMarshalVectors(TestCase):
         seq["erste"] = PrintableString("test")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(seq.encode(), hexdec("3006130474657374"))
         # Asterisk is actually not allowable
-        PrintableString._allowable_chars |= set(b"*")
+        pyderasn.PRINTABLE_ALLOWABLE_CHARS |= set(b"*")
         seq["erste"] = PrintableString("test*")
         self.assertSequenceEqual(seq.encode(), hexdec("30071305746573742a"))
-        PrintableString._allowable_chars -= set(b"*")
+        pyderasn.PRINTABLE_ALLOWABLE_CHARS -= set(b"*")
 
         class Seq(Sequence):
             schema = (
@@ -7060,7 +7466,11 @@ class TestPP(TestCase):
     def test_oid_printing(self, d):
         oids = {
             str(ObjectIdentifier(k)): v * 2
-            for k, v in d.draw(dictionaries(oid_strategy(), text_letters())).items()
+            for k, v in d.draw(dictionaries(
+                oid_strategy(),
+                text_letters(),
+                min_size=1,
+            )).items()
         }
         chosen = d.draw(sampled_from(sorted(oids)))
         chosen_id = oids[chosen]
@@ -7317,6 +7727,7 @@ class TestDefinesByPath(TestCase):
 
     def test_remaining_data(self):
         oid = ObjectIdentifier("1.2.3")
+
         class Seq(Sequence):
             schema = (
                 ("oid", ObjectIdentifier(defines=((("tgt",), {
@@ -7329,11 +7740,12 @@ class TestDefinesByPath(TestCase):
             ("oid", oid),
             ("tgt", OctetString(Integer(123).encode() + b"junk")),
         ))
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "remaining data"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "remaining data"):
             Seq().decode(seq.encode())
 
     def test_remaining_data_seqof(self):
         oid = ObjectIdentifier("1.2.3")
+
         class SeqOf(SetOf):
             schema = OctetString()
 
@@ -7349,7 +7761,7 @@ class TestDefinesByPath(TestCase):
             ("oid", oid),
             ("tgt", SeqOf([OctetString(Integer(123).encode() + b"junk")])),
         ))
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "remaining data"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "remaining data"):
             Seq().decode(seq.encode())
 
 
@@ -7403,7 +7815,7 @@ class TestStrictDefaultExistence(TestCase):
             raw = seq.encode()
             chosen_choice = "int%d" % chosen
             seq.specs[chosen_choice] = seq.specs[chosen_choice](default=123)
-            with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "DEFAULT value met"):
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "DEFAULT value met"):
                 seq.decode(raw)
             decoded, _ = seq.decode(raw, ctx={"allow_default_values": True})
             self.assertTrue(decoded.ber_encoded)
@@ -7420,11 +7832,13 @@ class TestStrictDefaultExistence(TestCase):
 
 
 class TestX690PrefixedType(TestCase):
-    def runTest(self):
+    def test_1(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             VisibleString("Jones").encode(),
             hexdec("1A054A6F6E6573"),
         )
+
+    def test_2(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             VisibleString(
                 "Jones",
@@ -7432,6 +7846,8 @@ class TestX690PrefixedType(TestCase):
             ).encode(),
             hexdec("43054A6F6E6573"),
         )
+
+    def test_3(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             Any(
                 VisibleString(
@@ -7442,6 +7858,8 @@ class TestX690PrefixedType(TestCase):
             ).encode(),
             hexdec("A20743054A6F6E6573"),
         )
+
+    def test_4(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             OctetString(
                 VisibleString(
@@ -7452,6 +7870,8 @@ class TestX690PrefixedType(TestCase):
             ).encode(),
             hexdec("670743054A6F6E6573"),
         )
+
+    def test_5(self):
         self.assertSequenceEqual(
             VisibleString("Jones", impl=tag_ctxp(2)).encode(),
             hexdec("82054A6F6E6573"),
@@ -7463,7 +7883,7 @@ class TestExplOOB(TestCase):
         expl = tag_ctxc(123)
         raw = Integer(123).encode() + Integer(234).encode()
         raw = b"".join((expl, len_encode(len(raw)), raw))
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, DecodeError, "explicit tag out-of-bound"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(DecodeError, "explicit tag out-of-bound"):
             Integer(expl=expl).decode(raw)
         Integer(expl=expl).decode(raw, ctx={"allow_expl_oob": True})
 
@@ -7474,7 +7894,53 @@ class TestPickleDifferentVersion(TestCase):
         import pyderasn
         version_orig = pyderasn.__version__
         pyderasn.__version__ += "different"
-        with assertRaisesRegex(self, ValueError, "different PyDERASN version"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "different PyDERASN version"):
             pickle_loads(pickled)
         pyderasn.__version__ = version_orig
         pickle_loads(pickled)
+
+
+class TestCERSetOrdering(TestCase):
+    def test_vectors(self):
+        """Taken from X.690-201508
+        """
+        class B(Choice):
+            schema = (
+                ("c", Integer(impl=tag_ctxp(2))),
+                ("d", Integer(impl=tag_ctxp(4))),
+            )
+
+        class F(Choice):
+            schema = (
+                ("g", Integer(impl=tag_ctxp(5))),
+                ("h", Integer(impl=tag_ctxp(6))),
+            )
+
+        class I(Choice):
+            schema = (
+                ("j", Integer(impl=tag_ctxp(0))),
+            )
+
+        class E(Choice):
+            schema = (
+                ("f", F()),
+                ("i", I()),
+            )
+
+        class A(Set):
+            schema = (
+                ("a", Integer(impl=tag_ctxp(3))),
+                ("b", B(expl=tag_ctxc(1))),
+                ("e", E()),
+            )
+
+        a = A((
+            ("a", Integer(123)),
+            ("b", B(("d", Integer(234)))),
+            ("e", E(("f", F(("g", Integer(345)))))),
+        ))
+        order = sorted(a._values_for_encoding(), key=attrgetter("tag_order_cer"))
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            [i.__class__.__name__ for i in order],
+            ("E", "B", "Integer"),
+        )