cmd/go/internal/modload: avoid loading the full module graph when listing specific...

cmd/go/internal/modload: avoid loading the full module graph when listing specific modules

For #36460
For #41297
Updates #29666

Change-Id: I5f324c0ef9a164f8043d2188101d141bb5fa7454
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/309191
Trust: Bryan C. Mills <bcmills@google.com>
Run-TryBot: Bryan C. Mills <bcmills@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Go Bot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Jay Conrod <jayconrod@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Michael Matloob <matloob@golang.org>