runtime: add a simple version number parser

runtime: add a simple version number parser

This will be used to parse the Linux kernel versions, but this code is
generic and can be tested on its own.

For #35777.

Change-Id: If1df48d07250e5855dde45bc9d57c66f777b9fb4
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/209597
Run-TryBot: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>