runtime: support SetUnhandledExceptionFilter on Windows

runtime: support SetUnhandledExceptionFilter on Windows

The Windows unhandled exception mechanism fails to call the callback
set in SetUnhandledExceptionFilter if the stack can't be correctly
unwound.

Some cgo glue code was not properly chaining the frame pointer, making
the stack unwind to fail in case of an exception inside a cgo call.
This CL fix that and adds a test case to avoid regressions.

Fixes #50951

Change-Id: Ic782b5257fe90b05e3def8dbf0bb8d4ed37a190b
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/525475
Reviewed-by: Bryan Mills <bcmills@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Cherry Mui <cherryyz@google.com>
Run-TryBot: Quim Muntal <quimmuntal@gmail.com>
LUCI-TryBot-Result: Go LUCI <golang-scoped@luci-project-accounts.iam.gserviceaccount.com>
TryBot-Result: Gopher Robot <gobot@golang.org>