[dev.link] cmd/link: begin converting dodata() to loader APIs

[dev.link] cmd/link: begin converting dodata() to loader APIs

This patch begins the work of converting the linker's dodata phase to
work with loader APIs. Passes all.bash on linux/amd64, but hasn't been
tested on anything else (more arch-specific code needs to be written).
Use of the new dodata() phase is currently gated by a temporary
command line flag ("-newdodata"), and there is code in the linker's
main routine to insure that we only use the new version for the right
GOOS/GOARCH (currently restricted to ELF + AMD64).

Change-Id: Ied3966677d2a450bc3e0990e0f519b3fceaab806
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/229706
Run-TryBot: Than McIntosh <thanm@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Cherry Zhang <cherryyz@google.com>