internal/godebug: remove dependency on os

internal/godebug: remove dependency on os

The immediate reason is that we want to use godebug from math/rand,
and math/rand importing godebug importing os causes an import cycle
in package testing.

More generally, the new approach to backward compatibility outlined
in discussion #55090 will require using this package from other similarly
sensitive places, perhaps even package os itself. Best to remove all
dependencies.

Preparation for #54880.

Change-Id: Ia01657a2d90e707a8121a336c9db3b7247c0198f
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/439418
Auto-Submit: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gopher Robot <gobot@golang.org>