context: add APIs for writing and reading cancelation cause
Extend the context package to allow users to specify why a context was
canceled in the form of an error, the "cause". Users write the cause
by calling WithCancelCause to construct a derived context, then
calling cancel(cause) to cancel the context with the provided cause.
Users retrieve the cause by calling context.Cause(ctx), which returns
the cause of the first cancelation for ctx or any of its parents.
The cause is implemented as a field of cancelCtx, since only cancelCtx
can be canceled. Calling cancel copies the cause to all derived (child)
cancelCtxs. Calling Cause(ctx) finds the nearest parent cancelCtx by
looking up the context value keyed by cancelCtxKey.
API changes:
+pkg context, func Cause(Context) error
+pkg context, func WithCancelCause(Context) (Context, CancelCauseFunc)
+pkg context, type CancelCauseFunc func(error)