1 // Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
2 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
3 // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
5 // Cgo call and callback support.
7 // To call into the C function f from Go, the cgo-generated code calls
8 // runtime.cgocall(_cgo_Cfunc_f, frame), where _cgo_Cfunc_f is a
9 // gcc-compiled function written by cgo.
11 // runtime.cgocall (below) locks g to m, calls entersyscall
12 // so as not to block other goroutines or the garbage collector,
13 // and then calls runtime.asmcgocall(_cgo_Cfunc_f, frame).
15 // runtime.asmcgocall (in asm_$GOARCH.s) switches to the m->g0 stack
16 // (assumed to be an operating system-allocated stack, so safe to run
17 // gcc-compiled code on) and calls _cgo_Cfunc_f(frame).
19 // _cgo_Cfunc_f invokes the actual C function f with arguments
20 // taken from the frame structure, records the results in the frame,
21 // and returns to runtime.asmcgocall.
23 // After it regains control, runtime.asmcgocall switches back to the
24 // original g (m->curg)'s stack and returns to runtime.cgocall.
26 // After it regains control, runtime.cgocall calls exitsyscall, which blocks
27 // until this m can run Go code without violating the $GOMAXPROCS limit,
28 // and then unlocks g from m.
30 // The above description skipped over the possibility of the gcc-compiled
31 // function f calling back into Go. If that happens, we continue down
32 // the rabbit hole during the execution of f.
34 // To make it possible for gcc-compiled C code to call a Go function p.GoF,
35 // cgo writes a gcc-compiled function named GoF (not p.GoF, since gcc doesn't
36 // know about packages). The gcc-compiled C function f calls GoF.
38 // GoF calls crosscall2(_cgoexp_GoF, frame, framesize). Crosscall2
39 // (in cgo/gcc_$GOARCH.S, a gcc-compiled assembly file) is a two-argument
40 // adapter from the gcc function call ABI to the 6c function call ABI.
41 // It is called from gcc to call 6c functions. In this case it calls
42 // _cgoexp_GoF(frame, framesize), still running on m->g0's stack
43 // and outside the $GOMAXPROCS limit. Thus, this code cannot yet
44 // call arbitrary Go code directly and must be careful not to allocate
45 // memory or use up m->g0's stack.
47 // _cgoexp_GoF calls runtime.cgocallback(p.GoF, frame, framesize).
48 // (The reason for having _cgoexp_GoF instead of writing a crosscall3
49 // to make this call directly is that _cgoexp_GoF, because it is compiled
50 // with 6c instead of gcc, can refer to dotted names like
51 // runtime.cgocallback and p.GoF.)
53 // runtime.cgocallback (in asm_$GOARCH.s) switches from m->g0's
54 // stack to the original g (m->curg)'s stack, on which it calls
55 // runtime.cgocallbackg(p.GoF, frame, framesize).
56 // As part of the stack switch, runtime.cgocallback saves the current
57 // SP as m->g0->sched.sp, so that any use of m->g0's stack during the
58 // execution of the callback will be done below the existing stack frames.
59 // Before overwriting m->g0->sched.sp, it pushes the old value on the
60 // m->g0 stack, so that it can be restored later.
62 // runtime.cgocallbackg (below) is now running on a real goroutine
63 // stack (not an m->g0 stack). First it calls runtime.exitsyscall, which will
64 // block until the $GOMAXPROCS limit allows running this goroutine.
65 // Once exitsyscall has returned, it is safe to do things like call the memory
66 // allocator or invoke the Go callback function p.GoF. runtime.cgocallbackg
67 // first defers a function to unwind m->g0.sched.sp, so that if p.GoF
68 // panics, m->g0.sched.sp will be restored to its old value: the m->g0 stack
69 // and the m->curg stack will be unwound in lock step.
70 // Then it calls p.GoF. Finally it pops but does not execute the deferred
71 // function, calls runtime.entersyscall, and returns to runtime.cgocallback.
73 // After it regains control, runtime.cgocallback switches back to
74 // m->g0's stack (the pointer is still in m->g0.sched.sp), restores the old
75 // m->g0.sched.sp value from the stack, and returns to _cgoexp_GoF.
77 // _cgoexp_GoF immediately returns to crosscall2, which restores the
78 // callee-save registers for gcc and returns to GoF, which returns to f.
83 "runtime/internal/sys"
89 func cgocall(fn, arg unsafe.Pointer) int32 {
90 if !iscgo && GOOS != "solaris" && GOOS != "windows" {
91 throw("cgocall unavailable")
99 racereleasemerge(unsafe.Pointer(&racecgosync))
103 * Lock g to m to ensure we stay on the same stack if we do a
104 * cgo callback. Add entry to defer stack in case of panic.
113 * Announce we are entering a system call
114 * so that the scheduler knows to create another
115 * M to run goroutines while we are in the
118 * The call to asmcgocall is guaranteed not to
119 * split the stack and does not allocate memory,
120 * so it is safe to call while "in a system call", outside
121 * the $GOMAXPROCS accounting.
124 errno := asmcgocall(fn, arg)
135 raceacquire(unsafe.Pointer(&racecgosync))
138 unlockOSThread() // invalidates mp
141 // Helper functions for cgo code.
143 func cmalloc(n uintptr) unsafe.Pointer {
149 cgocall(_cgo_malloc, unsafe.Pointer(&args))
151 throw("C malloc failed")
156 func cfree(p unsafe.Pointer) {
157 cgocall(_cgo_free, p)
160 // Call from C back to Go.
162 func cgocallbackg() {
165 println("runtime: bad g in cgocallback")
169 // Save current syscall parameters, so m.syscall can be
170 // used again if callback decide to make syscall.
171 syscall := gp.m.syscall
173 // entersyscall saves the caller's SP to allow the GC to trace the Go
174 // stack. However, since we're returning to an earlier stack frame and
175 // need to pair with the entersyscall() call made by cgocall, we must
176 // save syscall* and let reentersyscall restore them.
177 savedsp := unsafe.Pointer(gp.syscallsp)
178 savedpc := gp.syscallpc
179 exitsyscall(0) // coming out of cgo call
181 // going back to cgo call
182 reentersyscall(savedpc, uintptr(savedsp))
184 gp.m.syscall = syscall
187 func cgocallbackg1() {
190 gp.m.needextram = false
191 systemstack(newextram)
195 // The C call to Go came from a thread not currently running
196 // any Go. In the case of -buildmode=c-archive or c-shared,
197 // this call may be coming in before package initialization
198 // is complete. Wait until it is.
202 // Add entry to defer stack in case of panic.
204 defer unwindm(&restore)
207 raceacquire(unsafe.Pointer(&racecgosync))
217 // Location of callback arguments depends on stack frame layout
218 // and size of stack frame of cgocallback_gofunc.
219 sp := gp.m.g0.sched.sp
222 throw("cgocallbackg is unimplemented on arch")
224 // On arm, stack frame is two words and there's a saved LR between
225 // SP and the stack frame and between the stack frame and the arguments.
226 cb = (*args)(unsafe.Pointer(sp + 4*sys.PtrSize))
228 // On arm64, stack frame is four words and there's a saved LR between
229 // SP and the stack frame and between the stack frame and the arguments.
230 cb = (*args)(unsafe.Pointer(sp + 5*sys.PtrSize))
232 // On amd64, stack frame is one word, plus caller PC.
233 if framepointer_enabled {
234 // In this case, there's also saved BP.
235 cb = (*args)(unsafe.Pointer(sp + 3*sys.PtrSize))
238 cb = (*args)(unsafe.Pointer(sp + 2*sys.PtrSize))
240 // On 386, stack frame is three words, plus caller PC.
241 cb = (*args)(unsafe.Pointer(sp + 4*sys.PtrSize))
242 case "ppc64", "ppc64le":
243 // On ppc64, the callback arguments are in the arguments area of
244 // cgocallback's stack frame. The stack looks like this:
245 // +--------------------+------------------------------+
247 // | cgoexp_$fn +------------------------------+
248 // | | fixed frame area |
249 // +--------------------+------------------------------+
250 // | | arguments area |
251 // | cgocallback +------------------------------+ <- sp + 2*minFrameSize + 2*ptrSize
252 // | | fixed frame area |
253 // +--------------------+------------------------------+ <- sp + minFrameSize + 2*ptrSize
254 // | | local variables (2 pointers) |
255 // | cgocallback_gofunc +------------------------------+ <- sp + minFrameSize
256 // | | fixed frame area |
257 // +--------------------+------------------------------+ <- sp
258 cb = (*args)(unsafe.Pointer(sp + 2*sys.MinFrameSize + 2*sys.PtrSize))
262 // NOTE(rsc): passing nil for argtype means that the copying of the
263 // results back into cb.arg happens without any corresponding write barriers.
264 // For cgo, cb.arg points into a C stack frame and therefore doesn't
265 // hold any pointers that the GC can find anyway - the write barrier
267 reflectcall(nil, unsafe.Pointer(cb.fn), unsafe.Pointer(cb.arg), uint32(cb.argsize), 0)
270 racereleasemerge(unsafe.Pointer(&racecgosync))
273 // Tell msan that we wrote to the entire argument block.
274 // This tells msan that we set the results.
275 // Since we have already called the function it doesn't
276 // matter that we are writing to the non-result parameters.
277 msanwrite(cb.arg, cb.argsize)
280 // Do not unwind m->g0->sched.sp.
281 // Our caller, cgocallback, will do that.
285 func unwindm(restore *bool) {
289 // Restore sp saved by cgocallback during
290 // unwind of g's stack (see comment at top of file).
292 sched := &mp.g0.sched
295 throw("unwindm not implemented")
296 case "386", "amd64", "arm", "ppc64", "ppc64le":
297 sched.sp = *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(sched.sp + sys.MinFrameSize))
299 sched.sp = *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(sched.sp + 16))
304 // called from assembly
305 func badcgocallback() {
306 throw("misaligned stack in cgocallback")
309 // called from (incomplete) assembly
311 throw("cgo not implemented")
314 var racecgosync uint64 // represents possible synchronization in C code
316 // Pointer checking for cgo code.
318 // We want to detect all cases where a program that does not use
319 // unsafe makes a cgo call passing a Go pointer to memory that
320 // contains a Go pointer. Here a Go pointer is defined as a pointer
321 // to memory allocated by the Go runtime. Programs that use unsafe
322 // can evade this restriction easily, so we don't try to catch them.
323 // The cgo program will rewrite all possibly bad pointer arguments to
324 // call cgoCheckPointer, where we can catch cases of a Go pointer
325 // pointing to a Go pointer.
327 // Complicating matters, taking the address of a slice or array
328 // element permits the C program to access all elements of the slice
329 // or array. In that case we will see a pointer to a single element,
330 // but we need to check the entire data structure.
332 // The cgoCheckPointer call takes additional arguments indicating that
333 // it was called on an address expression. An additional argument of
334 // true means that it only needs to check a single element. An
335 // additional argument of a slice or array means that it needs to
336 // check the entire slice/array, but nothing else. Otherwise, the
337 // pointer could be anything, and we check the entire heap object,
338 // which is conservative but safe.
340 // When and if we implement a moving garbage collector,
341 // cgoCheckPointer will pin the pointer for the duration of the cgo
342 // call. (This is necessary but not sufficient; the cgo program will
343 // also have to change to pin Go pointers that can not point to Go
346 // cgoCheckPointer checks if the argument contains a Go pointer that
347 // points to a Go pointer, and panics if it does. It returns the pointer.
348 func cgoCheckPointer(ptr interface{}, args ...interface{}) interface{} {
349 if debug.cgocheck == 0 {
353 ep := (*eface)(unsafe.Pointer(&ptr))
357 if len(args) > 0 && t.kind&kindMask == kindPtr {
359 if t.kind&kindDirectIface == 0 {
360 p = *(*unsafe.Pointer)(p)
362 if !cgoIsGoPointer(p) {
365 aep := (*eface)(unsafe.Pointer(&args[0]))
366 switch aep._type.kind & kindMask {
368 pt := (*ptrtype)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
369 cgoCheckArg(pt.elem, p, true, false)
372 // Check the slice rather than the pointer.
376 // Check the array rather than the pointer.
377 // Pass top as false since we have a pointer
383 throw("can't happen")
387 cgoCheckArg(t, ep.data, t.kind&kindDirectIface == 0, top)
391 const cgoCheckPointerFail = "cgo argument has Go pointer to Go pointer"
393 // cgoCheckArg is the real work of cgoCheckPointer. The argument p,
394 // is either a pointer to the value (of type t), or the value itself,
395 // depending on indir. The top parameter is whether we are at the top
396 // level, where Go pointers are allowed.
397 func cgoCheckArg(t *_type, p unsafe.Pointer, indir, top bool) {
398 if t.kind&kindNoPointers != 0 {
399 // If the type has no pointers there is nothing to do.
403 switch t.kind & kindMask {
405 throw("can't happen")
407 at := (*arraytype)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
410 throw("can't happen")
412 cgoCheckArg(at.elem, p, at.elem.kind&kindDirectIface == 0, top)
415 for i := uintptr(0); i < at.len; i++ {
416 cgoCheckArg(at.elem, p, true, top)
417 p = unsafe.Pointer(uintptr(p) + at.elem.size)
419 case kindChan, kindMap:
420 // These types contain internal pointers that will
421 // always be allocated in the Go heap. It's never OK
422 // to pass them to C.
423 panic(errorString(cgoCheckPointerFail))
426 p = *(*unsafe.Pointer)(p)
428 if !cgoIsGoPointer(p) {
431 panic(errorString(cgoCheckPointerFail))
437 // A type known at compile time is OK since it's
438 // constant. A type not known at compile time will be
439 // in the heap and will not be OK.
440 if inheap(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(it))) {
441 panic(errorString(cgoCheckPointerFail))
443 p = *(*unsafe.Pointer)(unsafe.Pointer(uintptr(p) + sys.PtrSize))
444 if !cgoIsGoPointer(p) {
448 panic(errorString(cgoCheckPointerFail))
450 cgoCheckArg(it, p, it.kind&kindDirectIface == 0, false)
452 st := (*slicetype)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
455 if !cgoIsGoPointer(p) {
459 panic(errorString(cgoCheckPointerFail))
461 for i := 0; i < s.cap; i++ {
462 cgoCheckArg(st.elem, p, true, false)
463 p = unsafe.Pointer(uintptr(p) + st.elem.size)
466 st := (*structtype)(unsafe.Pointer(t))
468 if len(st.fields) != 1 {
469 throw("can't happen")
471 cgoCheckArg(st.fields[0].typ, p, st.fields[0].typ.kind&kindDirectIface == 0, top)
474 for _, f := range st.fields {
475 cgoCheckArg(f.typ, unsafe.Pointer(uintptr(p)+f.offset), true, top)
477 case kindPtr, kindUnsafePointer:
479 p = *(*unsafe.Pointer)(p)
482 if !cgoIsGoPointer(p) {
486 panic(errorString(cgoCheckPointerFail))
489 cgoCheckUnknownPointer(p)
493 // cgoCheckUnknownPointer is called for an arbitrary pointer into Go
494 // memory. It checks whether that Go memory contains any other
495 // pointer into Go memory. If it does, we panic.
496 func cgoCheckUnknownPointer(p unsafe.Pointer) {
497 if cgoInRange(p, mheap_.arena_start, mheap_.arena_used) {
498 if !inheap(uintptr(p)) {
499 // This pointer is either to a stack or to an
500 // unused span. Escape analysis should
501 // prevent the former and the latter should
503 panic(errorString("cgo argument has invalid Go pointer"))
506 base, hbits, span := heapBitsForObject(uintptr(p), 0, 0)
511 for i := uintptr(0); i < n; i += sys.PtrSize {
513 if i >= 2*sys.PtrSize && bits&bitMarked == 0 {
514 // No more possible pointers.
517 if bits&bitPointer != 0 {
518 if cgoIsGoPointer(*(*unsafe.Pointer)(unsafe.Pointer(base + i))) {
519 panic(errorString(cgoCheckPointerFail))
528 for datap := &firstmoduledata; datap != nil; datap = datap.next {
529 if cgoInRange(p, datap.data, datap.edata) || cgoInRange(p, datap.bss, datap.ebss) {
530 // We have no way to know the size of the object.
531 // We have to assume that it might contain a pointer.
532 panic(errorString(cgoCheckPointerFail))
534 // In the text or noptr sections, we know that the
535 // pointer does not point to a Go pointer.
539 // cgoIsGoPointer returns whether the pointer is a Go pointer--a
540 // pointer to Go memory. We only care about Go memory that might
542 func cgoIsGoPointer(p unsafe.Pointer) bool {
547 if cgoInRange(p, mheap_.arena_start, mheap_.arena_used) {
551 for datap := &firstmoduledata; datap != nil; datap = datap.next {
552 if cgoInRange(p, datap.data, datap.edata) || cgoInRange(p, datap.bss, datap.ebss) {
560 // cgoInRange returns whether p is between start and end.
561 func cgoInRange(p unsafe.Pointer, start, end uintptr) bool {
562 return start <= uintptr(p) && uintptr(p) < end