context: add AfterFunc

[gostls13.git] / src / context / context.go

// Copyright 2014 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

// Package context defines the Context type, which carries deadlines,
// cancellation signals, and other request-scoped values across API boundaries
// and between processes.
//
// Incoming requests to a server should create a Context, and outgoing
// calls to servers should accept a Context. The chain of function
// calls between them must propagate the Context, optionally replacing
// it with a derived Context created using WithCancel, WithDeadline,
// WithTimeout, or WithValue. When a Context is canceled, all
// Contexts derived from it are also canceled.
//
// The WithCancel, WithDeadline, and WithTimeout functions take a
// Context (the parent) and return a derived Context (the child) and a
// CancelFunc. Calling the CancelFunc cancels the child and its
// children, removes the parent's reference to the child, and stops
// any associated timers. Failing to call the CancelFunc leaks the
// child and its children until the parent is canceled or the timer
// fires. The go vet tool checks that CancelFuncs are used on all
// control-flow paths.
//
// The WithCancelCause function returns a CancelCauseFunc, which
// takes an error and records it as the cancellation cause. Calling
// Cause on the canceled context or any of its children retrieves
// the cause. If no cause is specified, Cause(ctx) returns the same
// value as ctx.Err().
//
// Programs that use Contexts should follow these rules to keep interfaces
// consistent across packages and enable static analysis tools to check context
// propagation:
//
// Do not store Contexts inside a struct type; instead, pass a Context
// explicitly to each function that needs it. The Context should be the first
// parameter, typically named ctx:
//
//      func DoSomething(ctx context.Context, arg Arg) error {
//              // ... use ctx ...
//      }
//
// Do not pass a nil Context, even if a function permits it. Pass context.TODO
// if you are unsure about which Context to use.
//
// Use context Values only for request-scoped data that transits processes and
// APIs, not for passing optional parameters to functions.
//
// The same Context may be passed to functions running in different goroutines;
// Contexts are safe for simultaneous use by multiple goroutines.
//
// See https://blog.golang.org/context for example code for a server that uses
// Contexts.
package context

import (
        "errors"
        "internal/reflectlite"
        "sync"
        "sync/atomic"
        "time"
)

// A Context carries a deadline, a cancellation signal, and other values across
// API boundaries.
//
// Context's methods may be called by multiple goroutines simultaneously.
type Context interface {
        // Deadline returns the time when work done on behalf of this context
        // should be canceled. Deadline returns ok==false when no deadline is
        // set. Successive calls to Deadline return the same results.
        Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool)

        // Done returns a channel that's closed when work done on behalf of this
        // context should be canceled. Done may return nil if this context can
        // never be canceled. Successive calls to Done return the same value.
        // The close of the Done channel may happen asynchronously,
        // after the cancel function returns.
        //
        // WithCancel arranges for Done to be closed when cancel is called;
        // WithDeadline arranges for Done to be closed when the deadline
        // expires; WithTimeout arranges for Done to be closed when the timeout
        // elapses.
        //
        // Done is provided for use in select statements:
        //
        //  // Stream generates values with DoSomething and sends them to out
        //  // until DoSomething returns an error or ctx.Done is closed.
        //  func Stream(ctx context.Context, out chan<- Value) error {
        //      for {
        //              v, err := DoSomething(ctx)
        //              if err != nil {
        //                      return err
        //              }
        //              select {
        //              case <-ctx.Done():
        //                      return ctx.Err()
        //              case out <- v:
        //              }
        //      }
        //  }
        //
        // See https://blog.golang.org/pipelines for more examples of how to use
        // a Done channel for cancellation.
        Done() <-chan struct{}

        // If Done is not yet closed, Err returns nil.
        // If Done is closed, Err returns a non-nil error explaining why:
        // Canceled if the context was canceled
        // or DeadlineExceeded if the context's deadline passed.
        // After Err returns a non-nil error, successive calls to Err return the same error.
        Err() error

        // Value returns the value associated with this context for key, or nil
        // if no value is associated with key. Successive calls to Value with
        // the same key returns the same result.
        //
        // Use context values only for request-scoped data that transits
        // processes and API boundaries, not for passing optional parameters to
        // functions.
        //
        // A key identifies a specific value in a Context. Functions that wish
        // to store values in Context typically allocate a key in a global
        // variable then use that key as the argument to context.WithValue and
        // Context.Value. A key can be any type that supports equality;
        // packages should define keys as an unexported type to avoid
        // collisions.
        //
        // Packages that define a Context key should provide type-safe accessors
        // for the values stored using that key:
        //
        //      // Package user defines a User type that's stored in Contexts.
        //      package user
        //
        //      import "context"
        //
        //      // User is the type of value stored in the Contexts.
        //      type User struct {...}
        //
        //      // key is an unexported type for keys defined in this package.
        //      // This prevents collisions with keys defined in other packages.
        //      type key int
        //
        //      // userKey is the key for user.User values in Contexts. It is
        //      // unexported; clients use user.NewContext and user.FromContext
        //      // instead of using this key directly.
        //      var userKey key
        //
        //      // NewContext returns a new Context that carries value u.
        //      func NewContext(ctx context.Context, u *User) context.Context {
        //              return context.WithValue(ctx, userKey, u)
        //      }
        //
        //      // FromContext returns the User value stored in ctx, if any.
        //      func FromContext(ctx context.Context) (*User, bool) {
        //              u, ok := ctx.Value(userKey).(*User)
        //              return u, ok
        //      }
        Value(key any) any
}

// Canceled is the error returned by Context.Err when the context is canceled.
var Canceled = errors.New("context canceled")

// DeadlineExceeded is the error returned by Context.Err when the context's
// deadline passes.
var DeadlineExceeded error = deadlineExceededError{}

type deadlineExceededError struct{}

func (deadlineExceededError) Error() string   { return "context deadline exceeded" }
func (deadlineExceededError) Timeout() bool   { return true }
func (deadlineExceededError) Temporary() bool { return true }

// An emptyCtx is never canceled, has no values, and has no deadline.
// It is the common base of backgroundCtx and todoCtx.
type emptyCtx struct{}

func (emptyCtx) Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool) {
        return
}

func (emptyCtx) Done() <-chan struct{} {
        return nil
}

func (emptyCtx) Err() error {
        return nil
}

func (emptyCtx) Value(key any) any {
        return nil
}

type backgroundCtx struct{ emptyCtx }

func (backgroundCtx) String() string {
        return "context.Background"
}

type todoCtx struct{ emptyCtx }

func (todoCtx) String() string {
        return "context.TODO"
}

// Background returns a non-nil, empty Context. It is never canceled, has no
// values, and has no deadline. It is typically used by the main function,
// initialization, and tests, and as the top-level Context for incoming
// requests.
func Background() Context {
        return backgroundCtx{}
}

// TODO returns a non-nil, empty Context. Code should use context.TODO when
// it's unclear which Context to use or it is not yet available (because the
// surrounding function has not yet been extended to accept a Context
// parameter).
func TODO() Context {
        return todoCtx{}
}

// A CancelFunc tells an operation to abandon its work.
// A CancelFunc does not wait for the work to stop.
// A CancelFunc may be called by multiple goroutines simultaneously.
// After the first call, subsequent calls to a CancelFunc do nothing.
type CancelFunc func()

// WithCancel returns a copy of parent with a new Done channel. The returned
// context's Done channel is closed when the returned cancel function is called
// or when the parent context's Done channel is closed, whichever happens first.
//
// Canceling this context releases resources associated with it, so code should
// call cancel as soon as the operations running in this Context complete.
func WithCancel(parent Context) (ctx Context, cancel CancelFunc) {
        c := withCancel(parent)
        return c, func() { c.cancel(true, Canceled, nil) }
}

// A CancelCauseFunc behaves like a CancelFunc but additionally sets the cancellation cause.
// This cause can be retrieved by calling Cause on the canceled Context or on
// any of its derived Contexts.
//
// If the context has already been canceled, CancelCauseFunc does not set the cause.
// For example, if childContext is derived from parentContext:
//   - if parentContext is canceled with cause1 before childContext is canceled with cause2,
//     then Cause(parentContext) == Cause(childContext) == cause1
//   - if childContext is canceled with cause2 before parentContext is canceled with cause1,
//     then Cause(parentContext) == cause1 and Cause(childContext) == cause2
type CancelCauseFunc func(cause error)

// WithCancelCause behaves like WithCancel but returns a CancelCauseFunc instead of a CancelFunc.
// Calling cancel with a non-nil error (the "cause") records that error in ctx;
// it can then be retrieved using Cause(ctx).
// Calling cancel with nil sets the cause to Canceled.
//
// Example use:
//
//      ctx, cancel := context.WithCancelCause(parent)
//      cancel(myError)
//      ctx.Err() // returns context.Canceled
//      context.Cause(ctx) // returns myError
func WithCancelCause(parent Context) (ctx Context, cancel CancelCauseFunc) {
        c := withCancel(parent)
        return c, func(cause error) { c.cancel(true, Canceled, cause) }
}

func withCancel(parent Context) *cancelCtx {
        if parent == nil {
                panic("cannot create context from nil parent")
        }
        c := &cancelCtx{}
        c.propagateCancel(parent, c)
        return c
}

// Cause returns a non-nil error explaining why c was canceled.
// The first cancellation of c or one of its parents sets the cause.
// If that cancellation happened via a call to CancelCauseFunc(err),
// then Cause returns err.
// Otherwise Cause(c) returns the same value as c.Err().
// Cause returns nil if c has not been canceled yet.
func Cause(c Context) error {
        if cc, ok := c.Value(&cancelCtxKey).(*cancelCtx); ok {
                cc.mu.Lock()
                defer cc.mu.Unlock()
                return cc.cause
        }
        return nil
}

// AfterFunc arranges to call f in its own goroutine after ctx is done
// (cancelled or timed out).
// If ctx is already done, AfterFunc calls f immediately in its own goroutine.
//
// Multiple calls to AfterFunc on a context operate independently;
// one does not replace another.
//
// Calling the returned stop function stops the association of ctx with f.
// It returns true if the call stopped f from being run.
// If stop returns false,
// either the context is done and f has been started in its own goroutine;
// or f was already stopped.
// The stop function does not wait for f to complete before returning.
// If the caller needs to know whether f is completed,
// it must coordinate with f explicitly.
//
// If ctx has a "AfterFunc(func()) func() bool" method,
// AfterFunc will use it to schedule the call.
func AfterFunc(ctx Context, f func()) (stop func() bool) {
        a := &afterFuncCtx{
                f: f,
        }
        a.cancelCtx.propagateCancel(ctx, a)
        return func() bool {
                stopped := false
                a.once.Do(func() {
                        stopped = true
                })
                if stopped {
                        a.cancel(true, Canceled, nil)
                }
                return stopped
        }
}

type afterFuncer interface {
        AfterFunc(func()) func() bool
}

type afterFuncCtx struct {
        cancelCtx
        once sync.Once // either starts running f or stops f from running
        f    func()
}

func (a *afterFuncCtx) cancel(removeFromParent bool, err, cause error) {
        a.cancelCtx.cancel(false, err, cause)
        if removeFromParent {
                removeChild(a.Context, a)
        }
        a.once.Do(func() {
                go a.f()
        })
}

// A stopCtx is used as the parent context of a cancelCtx when
// an AfterFunc has been registered with the parent.
// It holds the stop function used to unregister the AfterFunc.
type stopCtx struct {
        Context
        stop func() bool
}

// goroutines counts the number of goroutines ever created; for testing.
var goroutines atomic.Int32

// &cancelCtxKey is the key that a cancelCtx returns itself for.
var cancelCtxKey int

// parentCancelCtx returns the underlying *cancelCtx for parent.
// It does this by looking up parent.Value(&cancelCtxKey) to find
// the innermost enclosing *cancelCtx and then checking whether
// parent.Done() matches that *cancelCtx. (If not, the *cancelCtx
// has been wrapped in a custom implementation providing a
// different done channel, in which case we should not bypass it.)
func parentCancelCtx(parent Context) (*cancelCtx, bool) {
        done := parent.Done()
        if done == closedchan || done == nil {
                return nil, false
        }
        p, ok := parent.Value(&cancelCtxKey).(*cancelCtx)
        if !ok {
                return nil, false
        }
        pdone, _ := p.done.Load().(chan struct{})
        if pdone != done {
                return nil, false
        }
        return p, true
}

// removeChild removes a context from its parent.
func removeChild(parent Context, child canceler) {
        if s, ok := parent.(stopCtx); ok {
                s.stop()
                return
        }
        p, ok := parentCancelCtx(parent)
        if !ok {
                return
        }
        p.mu.Lock()
        if p.children != nil {
                delete(p.children, child)
        }
        p.mu.Unlock()
}

// A canceler is a context type that can be canceled directly. The
// implementations are *cancelCtx and *timerCtx.
type canceler interface {
        cancel(removeFromParent bool, err, cause error)
        Done() <-chan struct{}
}

// closedchan is a reusable closed channel.
var closedchan = make(chan struct{})

func init() {
        close(closedchan)
}

// A cancelCtx can be canceled. When canceled, it also cancels any children
// that implement canceler.
type cancelCtx struct {
        Context

        mu       sync.Mutex            // protects following fields
        done     atomic.Value          // of chan struct{}, created lazily, closed by first cancel call
        children map[canceler]struct{} // set to nil by the first cancel call
        err      error                 // set to non-nil by the first cancel call
        cause    error                 // set to non-nil by the first cancel call
}

func (c *cancelCtx) Value(key any) any {
        if key == &cancelCtxKey {
                return c
        }
        return value(c.Context, key)
}

func (c *cancelCtx) Done() <-chan struct{} {
        d := c.done.Load()
        if d != nil {
                return d.(chan struct{})
        }
        c.mu.Lock()
        defer c.mu.Unlock()
        d = c.done.Load()
        if d == nil {
                d = make(chan struct{})
                c.done.Store(d)
        }
        return d.(chan struct{})
}

func (c *cancelCtx) Err() error {
        c.mu.Lock()
        err := c.err
        c.mu.Unlock()
        return err
}

// propagateCancel arranges for child to be canceled when parent is.
// It sets the parent context of cancelCtx.
func (c *cancelCtx) propagateCancel(parent Context, child canceler) {
        c.Context = parent

        done := parent.Done()
        if done == nil {
                return // parent is never canceled
        }

        select {
        case <-done:
                // parent is already canceled
                child.cancel(false, parent.Err(), Cause(parent))
                return
        default:
        }

        if p, ok := parentCancelCtx(parent); ok {
                // parent is a *cancelCtx, or derives from one.
                p.mu.Lock()
                if p.err != nil {
                        // parent has already been canceled
                        child.cancel(false, p.err, p.cause)
                } else {
                        if p.children == nil {
                                p.children = make(map[canceler]struct{})
                        }
                        p.children[child] = struct{}{}
                }
                p.mu.Unlock()
                return
        }

        if a, ok := parent.(afterFuncer); ok {
                // parent implements an AfterFunc method.
                c.mu.Lock()
                stop := a.AfterFunc(func() {
                        child.cancel(false, parent.Err(), Cause(parent))
                })
                c.Context = stopCtx{
                        Context: parent,
                        stop:    stop,
                }
                c.mu.Unlock()
                return
        }

        goroutines.Add(1)
        go func() {
                select {
                case <-parent.Done():
                        child.cancel(false, parent.Err(), Cause(parent))
                case <-child.Done():
                }
        }()
}

type stringer interface {
        String() string
}

func contextName(c Context) string {
        if s, ok := c.(stringer); ok {
                return s.String()
        }
        return reflectlite.TypeOf(c).String()
}

func (c *cancelCtx) String() string {
        return contextName(c.Context) + ".WithCancel"
}

// cancel closes c.done, cancels each of c's children, and, if
// removeFromParent is true, removes c from its parent's children.
// cancel sets c.cause to cause if this is the first time c is canceled.
func (c *cancelCtx) cancel(removeFromParent bool, err, cause error) {
        if err == nil {
                panic("context: internal error: missing cancel error")
        }
        if cause == nil {
                cause = err
        }
        c.mu.Lock()
        if c.err != nil {
                c.mu.Unlock()
                return // already canceled
        }
        c.err = err
        c.cause = cause
        d, _ := c.done.Load().(chan struct{})
        if d == nil {
                c.done.Store(closedchan)
        } else {
                close(d)
        }
        for child := range c.children {
                // NOTE: acquiring the child's lock while holding parent's lock.
                child.cancel(false, err, cause)
        }
        c.children = nil
        c.mu.Unlock()

        if removeFromParent {
                removeChild(c.Context, c)
        }
}

// WithoutCancel returns a copy of parent that is not canceled when parent is canceled.
// The returned context returns no Deadline or Err, and its Done channel is nil.
// Calling Cause on the returned context returns nil.
func WithoutCancel(parent Context) Context {
        if parent == nil {
                panic("cannot create context from nil parent")
        }
        return withoutCancelCtx{parent}
}

type withoutCancelCtx struct {
        c Context
}

func (withoutCancelCtx) Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool) {
        return
}

func (withoutCancelCtx) Done() <-chan struct{} {
        return nil
}

func (withoutCancelCtx) Err() error {
        return nil
}

func (c withoutCancelCtx) Value(key any) any {
        return value(c, key)
}

func (c withoutCancelCtx) String() string {
        return contextName(c.c) + ".WithoutCancel"
}

// WithDeadline returns a copy of the parent context with the deadline adjusted
// to be no later than d. If the parent's deadline is already earlier than d,
// WithDeadline(parent, d) is semantically equivalent to parent. The returned
// context's Done channel is closed when the deadline expires, when the returned
// cancel function is called, or when the parent context's Done channel is
// closed, whichever happens first.
//
// Canceling this context releases resources associated with it, so code should
// call cancel as soon as the operations running in this Context complete.
func WithDeadline(parent Context, d time.Time) (Context, CancelFunc) {
        return WithDeadlineCause(parent, d, nil)
}

// WithDeadlineCause behaves like WithDeadline but also sets the cause of the
// returned Context when the deadline is exceeded. The returned CancelFunc does
// not set the cause.
func WithDeadlineCause(parent Context, d time.Time, cause error) (Context, CancelFunc) {
        if parent == nil {
                panic("cannot create context from nil parent")
        }
        if cur, ok := parent.Deadline(); ok && cur.Before(d) {
                // The current deadline is already sooner than the new one.
                return WithCancel(parent)
        }
        c := &timerCtx{
                deadline: d,
        }
        c.cancelCtx.propagateCancel(parent, c)
        dur := time.Until(d)
        if dur <= 0 {
                c.cancel(true, DeadlineExceeded, cause) // deadline has already passed
                return c, func() { c.cancel(false, Canceled, nil) }
        }
        c.mu.Lock()
        defer c.mu.Unlock()
        if c.err == nil {
                c.timer = time.AfterFunc(dur, func() {
                        c.cancel(true, DeadlineExceeded, cause)
                })
        }
        return c, func() { c.cancel(true, Canceled, nil) }
}

// A timerCtx carries a timer and a deadline. It embeds a cancelCtx to
// implement Done and Err. It implements cancel by stopping its timer then
// delegating to cancelCtx.cancel.
type timerCtx struct {
        cancelCtx
        timer *time.Timer // Under cancelCtx.mu.

        deadline time.Time
}

func (c *timerCtx) Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool) {
        return c.deadline, true
}

func (c *timerCtx) String() string {
        return contextName(c.cancelCtx.Context) + ".WithDeadline(" +
                c.deadline.String() + " [" +
                time.Until(c.deadline).String() + "])"
}

func (c *timerCtx) cancel(removeFromParent bool, err, cause error) {
        c.cancelCtx.cancel(false, err, cause)
        if removeFromParent {
                // Remove this timerCtx from its parent cancelCtx's children.
                removeChild(c.cancelCtx.Context, c)
        }
        c.mu.Lock()
        if c.timer != nil {
                c.timer.Stop()
                c.timer = nil
        }
        c.mu.Unlock()
}

// WithTimeout returns WithDeadline(parent, time.Now().Add(timeout)).
//
// Canceling this context releases resources associated with it, so code should
// call cancel as soon as the operations running in this Context complete:
//
//      func slowOperationWithTimeout(ctx context.Context) (Result, error) {
//              ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 100*time.Millisecond)
//              defer cancel()  // releases resources if slowOperation completes before timeout elapses
//              return slowOperation(ctx)
//      }
func WithTimeout(parent Context, timeout time.Duration) (Context, CancelFunc) {
        return WithDeadline(parent, time.Now().Add(timeout))
}

// WithTimeoutCause behaves like WithTimeout but also sets the cause of the
// returned Context when the timout expires. The returned CancelFunc does
// not set the cause.
func WithTimeoutCause(parent Context, timeout time.Duration, cause error) (Context, CancelFunc) {
        return WithDeadlineCause(parent, time.Now().Add(timeout), cause)
}

// WithValue returns a copy of parent in which the value associated with key is
// val.
//
// Use context Values only for request-scoped data that transits processes and
// APIs, not for passing optional parameters to functions.
//
// The provided key must be comparable and should not be of type
// string or any other built-in type to avoid collisions between
// packages using context. Users of WithValue should define their own
// types for keys. To avoid allocating when assigning to an
// interface{}, context keys often have concrete type
// struct{}. Alternatively, exported context key variables' static
// type should be a pointer or interface.
func WithValue(parent Context, key, val any) Context {
        if parent == nil {
                panic("cannot create context from nil parent")
        }
        if key == nil {
                panic("nil key")
        }
        if !reflectlite.TypeOf(key).Comparable() {
                panic("key is not comparable")
        }
        return &valueCtx{parent, key, val}
}

// A valueCtx carries a key-value pair. It implements Value for that key and
// delegates all other calls to the embedded Context.
type valueCtx struct {
        Context
        key, val any
}

// stringify tries a bit to stringify v, without using fmt, since we don't
// want context depending on the unicode tables. This is only used by
// *valueCtx.String().
func stringify(v any) string {
        switch s := v.(type) {
        case stringer:
                return s.String()
        case string:
                return s
        }
        return "<not Stringer>"
}

func (c *valueCtx) String() string {
        return contextName(c.Context) + ".WithValue(type " +
                reflectlite.TypeOf(c.key).String() +
                ", val " + stringify(c.val) + ")"
}

func (c *valueCtx) Value(key any) any {
        if c.key == key {
                return c.val
        }
        return value(c.Context, key)
}

func value(c Context, key any) any {
        for {
                switch ctx := c.(type) {
                case *valueCtx:
                        if key == ctx.key {
                                return ctx.val
                        }
                        c = ctx.Context
                case *cancelCtx:
                        if key == &cancelCtxKey {
                                return c
                        }
                        c = ctx.Context
                case withoutCancelCtx:
                        if key == &cancelCtxKey {
                                // This implements Cause(ctx) == nil
                                // when ctx is created using WithoutCancel.
                                return nil
                        }
                        c = ctx.c
                case *timerCtx:
                        if key == &cancelCtxKey {
                                return &ctx.cancelCtx
                        }
                        c = ctx.Context
                case backgroundCtx, todoCtx:
                        return nil
                default:
                        return c.Value(key)
                }
        }
}