modload: provide a clearer error for standard library packages from newer releases

[gostls13.git] / src / cmd / go / internal / modload / load.go

// Copyright 2018 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

package modload

// This file contains the module-mode package loader, as well as some accessory
// functions pertaining to the package import graph.
//
// There are two exported entry points into package loading — LoadPackages and
// ImportFromFiles — both implemented in terms of loadFromRoots, which itself
// manipulates an instance of the loader struct.
//
// Although most of the loading state is maintained in the loader struct,
// one key piece - the build list - is a global, so that it can be modified
// separate from the loading operation, such as during "go get"
// upgrades/downgrades or in "go mod" operations.
// TODO(#40775): It might be nice to make the loader take and return
// a buildList rather than hard-coding use of the global.
//
// Loading is an iterative process. On each iteration, we try to load the
// requested packages and their transitive imports, then try to resolve modules
// for any imported packages that are still missing.
//
// The first step of each iteration identifies a set of “root” packages.
// Normally the root packages are exactly those matching the named pattern
// arguments. However, for the "all" meta-pattern, the final set of packages is
// computed from the package import graph, and therefore cannot be an initial
// input to loading that graph. Instead, the root packages for the "all" pattern
// are those contained in the main module, and allPatternIsRoot parameter to the
// loader instructs it to dynamically expand those roots to the full "all"
// pattern as loading progresses.
//
// The pkgInAll flag on each loadPkg instance tracks whether that
// package is known to match the "all" meta-pattern.
// A package matches the "all" pattern if:
//      - it is in the main module, or
//      - it is imported by any test in the main module, or
//      - it is imported by another package in "all", or
//      - the main module specifies a go version ≤ 1.15, and the package is imported
//        by a *test of* another package in "all".
//
// When graph pruning is in effect, we want to spot-check the graph-pruning
// invariants — which depend on which packages are known to be in "all" — even
// when we are only loading individual packages, so we set the pkgInAll flag
// regardless of the whether the "all" pattern is a root.
// (This is necessary to maintain the “import invariant” described in
// https://golang.org/design/36460-lazy-module-loading.)
//
// Because "go mod vendor" prunes out the tests of vendored packages, the
// behavior of the "all" pattern with -mod=vendor in Go 1.11–1.15 is the same
// as the "all" pattern (regardless of the -mod flag) in 1.16+.
// The loader uses the GoVersion parameter to determine whether the "all"
// pattern should close over tests (as in Go 1.11–1.15) or stop at only those
// packages transitively imported by the packages and tests in the main module
// ("all" in Go 1.16+ and "go mod vendor" in Go 1.11+).
//
// Note that it is possible for a loaded package NOT to be in "all" even when we
// are loading the "all" pattern. For example, packages that are transitive
// dependencies of other roots named on the command line must be loaded, but are
// not in "all". (The mod_notall test illustrates this behavior.)
// Similarly, if the LoadTests flag is set but the "all" pattern does not close
// over test dependencies, then when we load the test of a package that is in
// "all" but outside the main module, the dependencies of that test will not
// necessarily themselves be in "all". (That configuration does not arise in Go
// 1.11–1.15, but it will be possible in Go 1.16+.)
//
// Loading proceeds from the roots, using a parallel work-queue with a limit on
// the amount of active work (to avoid saturating disks, CPU cores, and/or
// network connections). Each package is added to the queue the first time it is
// imported by another package. When we have finished identifying the imports of
// a package, we add the test for that package if it is needed. A test may be
// needed if:
//      - the package matches a root pattern and tests of the roots were requested, or
//      - the package is in the main module and the "all" pattern is requested
//        (because the "all" pattern includes the dependencies of tests in the main
//        module), or
//      - the package is in "all" and the definition of "all" we are using includes
//        dependencies of tests (as is the case in Go ≤1.15).
//
// After all available packages have been loaded, we examine the results to
// identify any requested or imported packages that are still missing, and if
// so, which modules we could add to the module graph in order to make the
// missing packages available. We add those to the module graph and iterate,
// until either all packages resolve successfully or we cannot identify any
// module that would resolve any remaining missing package.
//
// If the main module is “tidy” (that is, if "go mod tidy" is a no-op for it)
// and all requested packages are in "all", then loading completes in a single
// iteration.
// TODO(bcmills): We should also be able to load in a single iteration if the
// requested packages all come from modules that are themselves tidy, regardless
// of whether those packages are in "all". Today, that requires two iterations
// if those packages are not found in existing dependencies of the main module.

import (
        "context"
        "errors"
        "fmt"
        "go/build"
        "io/fs"
        "os"
        "path"
        pathpkg "path"
        "path/filepath"
        "reflect"
        "runtime"
        "sort"
        "strings"
        "sync"
        "sync/atomic"

        "cmd/go/internal/base"
        "cmd/go/internal/cfg"
        "cmd/go/internal/fsys"
        "cmd/go/internal/imports"
        "cmd/go/internal/modfetch"
        "cmd/go/internal/modindex"
        "cmd/go/internal/mvs"
        "cmd/go/internal/par"
        "cmd/go/internal/search"
        "cmd/go/internal/str"

        "golang.org/x/mod/module"
        "golang.org/x/mod/semver"
)

// loaded is the most recently-used package loader.
// It holds details about individual packages.
//
// This variable should only be accessed directly in top-level exported
// functions. All other functions that require or produce a *loader should pass
// or return it as an explicit parameter.
var loaded *loader

// PackageOpts control the behavior of the LoadPackages function.
type PackageOpts struct {
        // GoVersion is the Go version to which the go.mod file should be updated
        // after packages have been loaded.
        //
        // An empty GoVersion means to use the Go version already specified in the
        // main module's go.mod file, or the latest Go version if there is no main
        // module.
        GoVersion string

        // Tags are the build tags in effect (as interpreted by the
        // cmd/go/internal/imports package).
        // If nil, treated as equivalent to imports.Tags().
        Tags map[string]bool

        // Tidy, if true, requests that the build list and go.sum file be reduced to
        // the minimial dependencies needed to reproducibly reload the requested
        // packages.
        Tidy bool

        // TidyCompatibleVersion is the oldest Go version that must be able to
        // reproducibly reload the requested packages.
        //
        // If empty, the compatible version is the Go version immediately prior to the
        // 'go' version listed in the go.mod file.
        TidyCompatibleVersion string

        // VendorModulesInGOROOTSrc indicates that if we are within a module in
        // GOROOT/src, packages in the module's vendor directory should be resolved as
        // actual module dependencies (instead of standard-library packages).
        VendorModulesInGOROOTSrc bool

        // ResolveMissingImports indicates that we should attempt to add module
        // dependencies as needed to resolve imports of packages that are not found.
        //
        // For commands that support the -mod flag, resolving imports may still fail
        // if the flag is set to "readonly" (the default) or "vendor".
        ResolveMissingImports bool

        // AssumeRootsImported indicates that the transitive dependencies of the root
        // packages should be treated as if those roots will be imported by the main
        // module.
        AssumeRootsImported bool

        // AllowPackage, if non-nil, is called after identifying the module providing
        // each package. If AllowPackage returns a non-nil error, that error is set
        // for the package, and the imports and test of that package will not be
        // loaded.
        //
        // AllowPackage may be invoked concurrently by multiple goroutines,
        // and may be invoked multiple times for a given package path.
        AllowPackage func(ctx context.Context, path string, mod module.Version) error

        // LoadTests loads the test dependencies of each package matching a requested
        // pattern. If ResolveMissingImports is also true, test dependencies will be
        // resolved if missing.
        LoadTests bool

        // UseVendorAll causes the "all" package pattern to be interpreted as if
        // running "go mod vendor" (or building with "-mod=vendor").
        //
        // This is a no-op for modules that declare 'go 1.16' or higher, for which this
        // is the default (and only) interpretation of the "all" pattern in module mode.
        UseVendorAll bool

        // AllowErrors indicates that LoadPackages should not terminate the process if
        // an error occurs.
        AllowErrors bool

        // SilencePackageErrors indicates that LoadPackages should not print errors
        // that occur while matching or loading packages, and should not terminate the
        // process if such an error occurs.
        //
        // Errors encountered in the module graph will still be reported.
        //
        // The caller may retrieve the silenced package errors using the Lookup
        // function, and matching errors are still populated in the Errs field of the
        // associated search.Match.)
        SilencePackageErrors bool

        // SilenceMissingStdImports indicates that LoadPackages should not print
        // errors or terminate the process if an imported package is missing, and the
        // import path looks like it might be in the standard library (perhaps in a
        // future version).
        SilenceMissingStdImports bool

        // SilenceNoGoErrors indicates that LoadPackages should not print
        // imports.ErrNoGo errors.
        // This allows the caller to invoke LoadPackages (and report other errors)
        // without knowing whether the requested packages exist for the given tags.
        //
        // Note that if a requested package does not exist *at all*, it will fail
        // during module resolution and the error will not be suppressed.
        SilenceNoGoErrors bool

        // SilenceUnmatchedWarnings suppresses the warnings normally emitted for
        // patterns that did not match any packages.
        SilenceUnmatchedWarnings bool

        // Resolve the query against this module.
        MainModule module.Version
}

// LoadPackages identifies the set of packages matching the given patterns and
// loads the packages in the import graph rooted at that set.
func LoadPackages(ctx context.Context, opts PackageOpts, patterns ...string) (matches []*search.Match, loadedPackages []string) {
        if opts.Tags == nil {
                opts.Tags = imports.Tags()
        }

        patterns = search.CleanPatterns(patterns)
        matches = make([]*search.Match, 0, len(patterns))
        allPatternIsRoot := false
        for _, pattern := range patterns {
                matches = append(matches, search.NewMatch(pattern))
                if pattern == "all" {
                        allPatternIsRoot = true
                }
        }

        updateMatches := func(rs *Requirements, ld *loader) {
                for _, m := range matches {
                        switch {
                        case m.IsLocal():
                                // Evaluate list of file system directories on first iteration.
                                if m.Dirs == nil {
                                        matchModRoots := modRoots
                                        if opts.MainModule != (module.Version{}) {
                                                matchModRoots = []string{MainModules.ModRoot(opts.MainModule)}
                                        }
                                        matchLocalDirs(ctx, matchModRoots, m, rs)
                                }

                                // Make a copy of the directory list and translate to import paths.
                                // Note that whether a directory corresponds to an import path
                                // changes as the build list is updated, and a directory can change
                                // from not being in the build list to being in it and back as
                                // the exact version of a particular module increases during
                                // the loader iterations.
                                m.Pkgs = m.Pkgs[:0]
                                for _, dir := range m.Dirs {
                                        pkg, err := resolveLocalPackage(ctx, dir, rs)
                                        if err != nil {
                                                if !m.IsLiteral() && (err == errPkgIsBuiltin || err == errPkgIsGorootSrc) {
                                                        continue // Don't include "builtin" or GOROOT/src in wildcard patterns.
                                                }

                                                // If we're outside of a module, ensure that the failure mode
                                                // indicates that.
                                                if !HasModRoot() {
                                                        die()
                                                }

                                                if ld != nil {
                                                        m.AddError(err)
                                                }
                                                continue
                                        }
                                        m.Pkgs = append(m.Pkgs, pkg)
                                }

                        case m.IsLiteral():
                                m.Pkgs = []string{m.Pattern()}

                        case strings.Contains(m.Pattern(), "..."):
                                m.Errs = m.Errs[:0]
                                mg, err := rs.Graph(ctx)
                                if err != nil {
                                        // The module graph is (or may be) incomplete — perhaps we failed to
                                        // load the requirements of some module. This is an error in matching
                                        // the patterns to packages, because we may be missing some packages
                                        // or we may erroneously match packages in the wrong versions of
                                        // modules. However, for cases like 'go list -e', the error should not
                                        // necessarily prevent us from loading the packages we could find.
                                        m.Errs = append(m.Errs, err)
                                }
                                matchPackages(ctx, m, opts.Tags, includeStd, mg.BuildList())

                        case m.Pattern() == "all":
                                if ld == nil {
                                        // The initial roots are the packages in the main module.
                                        // loadFromRoots will expand that to "all".
                                        m.Errs = m.Errs[:0]
                                        matchModules := MainModules.Versions()
                                        if opts.MainModule != (module.Version{}) {
                                                matchModules = []module.Version{opts.MainModule}
                                        }
                                        matchPackages(ctx, m, opts.Tags, omitStd, matchModules)
                                } else {
                                        // Starting with the packages in the main module,
                                        // enumerate the full list of "all".
                                        m.Pkgs = ld.computePatternAll()
                                }

                        case m.Pattern() == "std" || m.Pattern() == "cmd":
                                if m.Pkgs == nil {
                                        m.MatchPackages() // Locate the packages within GOROOT/src.
                                }

                        default:
                                panic(fmt.Sprintf("internal error: modload missing case for pattern %s", m.Pattern()))
                        }
                }
        }

        initialRS := LoadModFile(ctx)

        ld := loadFromRoots(ctx, loaderParams{
                PackageOpts:  opts,
                requirements: initialRS,

                allPatternIsRoot: allPatternIsRoot,

                listRoots: func(rs *Requirements) (roots []string) {
                        updateMatches(rs, nil)
                        for _, m := range matches {
                                roots = append(roots, m.Pkgs...)
                        }
                        return roots
                },
        })

        // One last pass to finalize wildcards.
        updateMatches(ld.requirements, ld)

        // List errors in matching patterns (such as directory permission
        // errors for wildcard patterns).
        if !ld.SilencePackageErrors {
                for _, match := range matches {
                        for _, err := range match.Errs {
                                ld.errorf("%v\n", err)
                        }
                }
        }
        base.ExitIfErrors()

        if !opts.SilenceUnmatchedWarnings {
                search.WarnUnmatched(matches)
        }

        if opts.Tidy {
                if cfg.BuildV {
                        mg, _ := ld.requirements.Graph(ctx)

                        for _, m := range initialRS.rootModules {
                                var unused bool
                                if ld.requirements.pruning == unpruned {
                                        // m is unused if it was dropped from the module graph entirely. If it
                                        // was only demoted from direct to indirect, it may still be in use via
                                        // a transitive import.
                                        unused = mg.Selected(m.Path) == "none"
                                } else {
                                        // m is unused if it was dropped from the roots. If it is still present
                                        // as a transitive dependency, that transitive dependency is not needed
                                        // by any package or test in the main module.
                                        _, ok := ld.requirements.rootSelected(m.Path)
                                        unused = !ok
                                }
                                if unused {
                                        fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "unused %s\n", m.Path)
                                }
                        }
                }

                keep := keepSums(ctx, ld, ld.requirements, loadedZipSumsOnly)
                if compatDepth := pruningForGoVersion(ld.TidyCompatibleVersion); compatDepth != ld.requirements.pruning {
                        compatRS := newRequirements(compatDepth, ld.requirements.rootModules, ld.requirements.direct)
                        ld.checkTidyCompatibility(ctx, compatRS)

                        for m := range keepSums(ctx, ld, compatRS, loadedZipSumsOnly) {
                                keep[m] = true
                        }
                }

                if !ExplicitWriteGoMod {
                        modfetch.TrimGoSum(keep)

                        // commitRequirements below will also call WriteGoSum, but the "keep" map
                        // we have here could be strictly larger: commitRequirements only commits
                        // loaded.requirements, but here we may have also loaded (and want to
                        // preserve checksums for) additional entities from compatRS, which are
                        // only needed for compatibility with ld.TidyCompatibleVersion.
                        if err := modfetch.WriteGoSum(keep, mustHaveCompleteRequirements()); err != nil {
                                base.Fatalf("go: %v", err)
                        }
                }

                // Update the go.mod file's Go version if necessary.
                if modFile := ModFile(); modFile != nil && ld.GoVersion != "" {
                        modFile.AddGoStmt(ld.GoVersion)
                }
        }

        // Success! Update go.mod and go.sum (if needed) and return the results.
        // We'll skip updating if ExplicitWriteGoMod is true (the caller has opted
        // to call WriteGoMod itself) or if ResolveMissingImports is false (the
        // command wants to examine the package graph as-is).
        loaded = ld
        requirements = loaded.requirements

        for _, pkg := range ld.pkgs {
                if !pkg.isTest() {
                        loadedPackages = append(loadedPackages, pkg.path)
                }
        }
        sort.Strings(loadedPackages)

        if !ExplicitWriteGoMod && opts.ResolveMissingImports {
                if err := commitRequirements(ctx); err != nil {
                        base.Fatalf("go: %v", err)
                }
        }

        return matches, loadedPackages
}

// matchLocalDirs is like m.MatchDirs, but tries to avoid scanning directories
// outside of the standard library and active modules.
func matchLocalDirs(ctx context.Context, modRoots []string, m *search.Match, rs *Requirements) {
        if !m.IsLocal() {
                panic(fmt.Sprintf("internal error: resolveLocalDirs on non-local pattern %s", m.Pattern()))
        }

        if i := strings.Index(m.Pattern(), "..."); i >= 0 {
                // The pattern is local, but it is a wildcard. Its packages will
                // only resolve to paths if they are inside of the standard
                // library, the main module, or some dependency of the main
                // module. Verify that before we walk the filesystem: a filesystem
                // walk in a directory like /var or /etc can be very expensive!
                dir := filepath.Dir(filepath.Clean(m.Pattern()[:i+3]))
                absDir := dir
                if !filepath.IsAbs(dir) {
                        absDir = filepath.Join(base.Cwd(), dir)
                }

                modRoot := findModuleRoot(absDir)
                found := false
                for _, mainModuleRoot := range modRoots {
                        if mainModuleRoot == modRoot {
                                found = true
                                break
                        }
                }
                if !found && search.InDir(absDir, cfg.GOROOTsrc) == "" && pathInModuleCache(ctx, absDir, rs) == "" {
                        m.Dirs = []string{}
                        scope := "main module or its selected dependencies"
                        if inWorkspaceMode() {
                                scope = "modules listed in go.work or their selected dependencies"
                        }
                        m.AddError(fmt.Errorf("directory prefix %s does not contain %s", base.ShortPath(absDir), scope))
                        return
                }
        }

        m.MatchDirs(modRoots)
}

// resolveLocalPackage resolves a filesystem path to a package path.
func resolveLocalPackage(ctx context.Context, dir string, rs *Requirements) (string, error) {
        var absDir string
        if filepath.IsAbs(dir) {
                absDir = filepath.Clean(dir)
        } else {
                absDir = filepath.Join(base.Cwd(), dir)
        }

        bp, err := cfg.BuildContext.ImportDir(absDir, 0)
        if err != nil && (bp == nil || len(bp.IgnoredGoFiles) == 0) {
                // golang.org/issue/32917: We should resolve a relative path to a
                // package path only if the relative path actually contains the code
                // for that package.
                //
                // If the named directory does not exist or contains no Go files,
                // the package does not exist.
                // Other errors may affect package loading, but not resolution.
                if _, err := fsys.Stat(absDir); err != nil {
                        if os.IsNotExist(err) {
                                // Canonicalize OS-specific errors to errDirectoryNotFound so that error
                                // messages will be easier for users to search for.
                                return "", &fs.PathError{Op: "stat", Path: absDir, Err: errDirectoryNotFound}
                        }
                        return "", err
                }
                if _, noGo := err.(*build.NoGoError); noGo {
                        // A directory that does not contain any Go source files — even ignored
                        // ones! — is not a Go package, and we can't resolve it to a package
                        // path because that path could plausibly be provided by some other
                        // module.
                        //
                        // Any other error indicates that the package “exists” (at least in the
                        // sense that it cannot exist in any other module), but has some other
                        // problem (such as a syntax error).
                        return "", err
                }
        }

        for _, mod := range MainModules.Versions() {
                modRoot := MainModules.ModRoot(mod)
                if modRoot != "" && absDir == modRoot {
                        if absDir == cfg.GOROOTsrc {
                                return "", errPkgIsGorootSrc
                        }
                        return MainModules.PathPrefix(mod), nil
                }
        }

        // Note: The checks for @ here are just to avoid misinterpreting
        // the module cache directories (formerly GOPATH/src/mod/foo@v1.5.2/bar).
        // It's not strictly necessary but helpful to keep the checks.
        var pkgNotFoundErr error
        pkgNotFoundLongestPrefix := ""
        for _, mainModule := range MainModules.Versions() {
                modRoot := MainModules.ModRoot(mainModule)
                if modRoot != "" && strings.HasPrefix(absDir, modRoot+string(filepath.Separator)) && !strings.Contains(absDir[len(modRoot):], "@") {
                        suffix := filepath.ToSlash(absDir[len(modRoot):])
                        if pkg, found := strings.CutPrefix(suffix, "/vendor/"); found {
                                if cfg.BuildMod != "vendor" {
                                        return "", fmt.Errorf("without -mod=vendor, directory %s has no package path", absDir)
                                }

                                readVendorList(mainModule)
                                if _, ok := vendorPkgModule[pkg]; !ok {
                                        return "", fmt.Errorf("directory %s is not a package listed in vendor/modules.txt", absDir)
                                }
                                return pkg, nil
                        }

                        mainModulePrefix := MainModules.PathPrefix(mainModule)
                        if mainModulePrefix == "" {
                                pkg := strings.TrimPrefix(suffix, "/")
                                if pkg == "builtin" {
                                        // "builtin" is a pseudo-package with a real source file.
                                        // It's not included in "std", so it shouldn't resolve from "."
                                        // within module "std" either.
                                        return "", errPkgIsBuiltin
                                }
                                return pkg, nil
                        }

                        pkg := mainModulePrefix + suffix
                        if _, ok, err := dirInModule(pkg, mainModulePrefix, modRoot, true); err != nil {
                                return "", err
                        } else if !ok {
                                // This main module could contain the directory but doesn't. Other main
                                // modules might contain the directory, so wait till we finish the loop
                                // to see if another main module contains directory. But if not,
                                // return an error.
                                if len(mainModulePrefix) > len(pkgNotFoundLongestPrefix) {
                                        pkgNotFoundLongestPrefix = mainModulePrefix
                                        pkgNotFoundErr = &PackageNotInModuleError{MainModules: []module.Version{mainModule}, Pattern: pkg}
                                }
                                continue
                        }
                        return pkg, nil
                }
        }
        if pkgNotFoundErr != nil {
                return "", pkgNotFoundErr
        }

        if sub := search.InDir(absDir, cfg.GOROOTsrc); sub != "" && sub != "." && !strings.Contains(sub, "@") {
                pkg := filepath.ToSlash(sub)
                if pkg == "builtin" {
                        return "", errPkgIsBuiltin
                }
                return pkg, nil
        }

        pkg := pathInModuleCache(ctx, absDir, rs)
        if pkg == "" {
                if inWorkspaceMode() {
                        if mr := findModuleRoot(absDir); mr != "" {
                                return "", fmt.Errorf("directory %s is contained in a module that is not one of the workspace modules listed in go.work. You can add the module to the workspace using:\n\tgo work use %s", base.ShortPath(absDir), base.ShortPath(mr))
                        }
                        return "", fmt.Errorf("directory %s outside modules listed in go.work or their selected dependencies", base.ShortPath(absDir))
                }
                return "", fmt.Errorf("directory %s outside main module or its selected dependencies", base.ShortPath(absDir))
        }
        return pkg, nil
}

var (
        errDirectoryNotFound = errors.New("directory not found")
        errPkgIsGorootSrc    = errors.New("GOROOT/src is not an importable package")
        errPkgIsBuiltin      = errors.New(`"builtin" is a pseudo-package, not an importable package`)
)

// pathInModuleCache returns the import path of the directory dir,
// if dir is in the module cache copy of a module in our build list.
func pathInModuleCache(ctx context.Context, dir string, rs *Requirements) string {
        tryMod := func(m module.Version) (string, bool) {
                var root string
                var err error
                if repl := Replacement(m); repl.Path != "" && repl.Version == "" {
                        root = repl.Path
                        if !filepath.IsAbs(root) {
                                root = filepath.Join(replaceRelativeTo(), root)
                        }
                } else if repl.Path != "" {
                        root, err = modfetch.DownloadDir(repl)
                } else {
                        root, err = modfetch.DownloadDir(m)
                }
                if err != nil {
                        return "", false
                }

                sub := search.InDir(dir, root)
                if sub == "" {
                        return "", false
                }
                sub = filepath.ToSlash(sub)
                if strings.Contains(sub, "/vendor/") || strings.HasPrefix(sub, "vendor/") || strings.Contains(sub, "@") {
                        return "", false
                }

                return path.Join(m.Path, filepath.ToSlash(sub)), true
        }

        if rs.pruning == pruned {
                for _, m := range rs.rootModules {
                        if v, _ := rs.rootSelected(m.Path); v != m.Version {
                                continue // m is a root, but we have a higher root for the same path.
                        }
                        if importPath, ok := tryMod(m); ok {
                                // checkMultiplePaths ensures that a module can be used for at most one
                                // requirement, so this must be it.
                                return importPath
                        }
                }
        }

        // None of the roots contained dir, or the graph is unpruned (so we don't want
        // to distinguish between roots and transitive dependencies). Either way,
        // check the full graph to see if the directory is a non-root dependency.
        //
        // If the roots are not consistent with the full module graph, the selected
        // versions of root modules may differ from what we already checked above.
        // Re-check those paths too.

        mg, _ := rs.Graph(ctx)
        var importPath string
        for _, m := range mg.BuildList() {
                var found bool
                importPath, found = tryMod(m)
                if found {
                        break
                }
        }
        return importPath
}

// ImportFromFiles adds modules to the build list as needed
// to satisfy the imports in the named Go source files.
//
// Errors in missing dependencies are silenced.
//
// TODO(bcmills): Silencing errors seems off. Take a closer look at this and
// figure out what the error-reporting actually ought to be.
func ImportFromFiles(ctx context.Context, gofiles []string) {
        rs := LoadModFile(ctx)

        tags := imports.Tags()
        imports, testImports, err := imports.ScanFiles(gofiles, tags)
        if err != nil {
                base.Fatalf("go: %v", err)
        }

        loaded = loadFromRoots(ctx, loaderParams{
                PackageOpts: PackageOpts{
                        Tags:                  tags,
                        ResolveMissingImports: true,
                        SilencePackageErrors:  true,
                },
                requirements: rs,
                listRoots: func(*Requirements) (roots []string) {
                        roots = append(roots, imports...)
                        roots = append(roots, testImports...)
                        return roots
                },
        })
        requirements = loaded.requirements

        if !ExplicitWriteGoMod {
                if err := commitRequirements(ctx); err != nil {
                        base.Fatalf("go: %v", err)
                }
        }
}

// DirImportPath returns the effective import path for dir,
// provided it is within a main module, or else returns ".".
func (mms *MainModuleSet) DirImportPath(ctx context.Context, dir string) (path string, m module.Version) {
        if !HasModRoot() {
                return ".", module.Version{}
        }
        LoadModFile(ctx) // Sets targetPrefix.

        if !filepath.IsAbs(dir) {
                dir = filepath.Join(base.Cwd(), dir)
        } else {
                dir = filepath.Clean(dir)
        }

        var longestPrefix string
        var longestPrefixPath string
        var longestPrefixVersion module.Version
        for _, v := range mms.Versions() {
                modRoot := mms.ModRoot(v)
                if dir == modRoot {
                        return mms.PathPrefix(v), v
                }
                if strings.HasPrefix(dir, modRoot+string(filepath.Separator)) {
                        pathPrefix := MainModules.PathPrefix(v)
                        if pathPrefix > longestPrefix {
                                longestPrefix = pathPrefix
                                longestPrefixVersion = v
                                suffix := filepath.ToSlash(dir[len(modRoot):])
                                if strings.HasPrefix(suffix, "/vendor/") {
                                        longestPrefixPath = strings.TrimPrefix(suffix, "/vendor/")
                                        continue
                                }
                                longestPrefixPath = mms.PathPrefix(v) + suffix
                        }
                }
        }
        if len(longestPrefix) > 0 {
                return longestPrefixPath, longestPrefixVersion
        }

        return ".", module.Version{}
}

// PackageModule returns the module providing the package named by the import path.
func PackageModule(path string) module.Version {
        pkg, ok := loaded.pkgCache.Get(path).(*loadPkg)
        if !ok {
                return module.Version{}
        }
        return pkg.mod
}

// Lookup returns the source directory, import path, and any loading error for
// the package at path as imported from the package in parentDir.
// Lookup requires that one of the Load functions in this package has already
// been called.
func Lookup(parentPath string, parentIsStd bool, path string) (dir, realPath string, err error) {
        if path == "" {
                panic("Lookup called with empty package path")
        }

        if parentIsStd {
                path = loaded.stdVendor(parentPath, path)
        }
        pkg, ok := loaded.pkgCache.Get(path).(*loadPkg)
        if !ok {
                // The loader should have found all the relevant paths.
                // There are a few exceptions, though:
                //      - during go list without -test, the p.Resolve calls to process p.TestImports and p.XTestImports
                //        end up here to canonicalize the import paths.
                //      - during any load, non-loaded packages like "unsafe" end up here.
                //      - during any load, build-injected dependencies like "runtime/cgo" end up here.
                //      - because we ignore appengine/* in the module loader,
                //        the dependencies of any actual appengine/* library end up here.
                dir := findStandardImportPath(path)
                if dir != "" {
                        return dir, path, nil
                }
                return "", "", errMissing
        }
        return pkg.dir, pkg.path, pkg.err
}

// A loader manages the process of loading information about
// the required packages for a particular build,
// checking that the packages are available in the module set,
// and updating the module set if needed.
type loader struct {
        loaderParams

        // allClosesOverTests indicates whether the "all" pattern includes
        // dependencies of tests outside the main module (as in Go 1.11–1.15).
        // (Otherwise — as in Go 1.16+ — the "all" pattern includes only the packages
        // transitively *imported by* the packages and tests in the main module.)
        allClosesOverTests bool

        work *par.Queue

        // reset on each iteration
        roots    []*loadPkg
        pkgCache *par.Cache // package path (string) → *loadPkg
        pkgs     []*loadPkg // transitive closure of loaded packages and tests; populated in buildStacks
}

// loaderParams configure the packages loaded by, and the properties reported
// by, a loader instance.
type loaderParams struct {
        PackageOpts
        requirements *Requirements

        allPatternIsRoot bool // Is the "all" pattern an additional root?

        listRoots func(rs *Requirements) []string
}

func (ld *loader) reset() {
        select {
        case <-ld.work.Idle():
        default:
                panic("loader.reset when not idle")
        }

        ld.roots = nil
        ld.pkgCache = new(par.Cache)
        ld.pkgs = nil
}

// errorf reports an error via either os.Stderr or base.Errorf,
// according to whether ld.AllowErrors is set.
func (ld *loader) errorf(format string, args ...any) {
        if ld.AllowErrors {
                fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, format, args...)
        } else {
                base.Errorf(format, args...)
        }
}

// A loadPkg records information about a single loaded package.
type loadPkg struct {
        // Populated at construction time:
        path   string // import path
        testOf *loadPkg

        // Populated at construction time and updated by (*loader).applyPkgFlags:
        flags atomicLoadPkgFlags

        // Populated by (*loader).load:
        mod         module.Version // module providing package
        dir         string         // directory containing source code
        err         error          // error loading package
        imports     []*loadPkg     // packages imported by this one
        testImports []string       // test-only imports, saved for use by pkg.test.
        inStd       bool
        altMods     []module.Version // modules that could have contained the package but did not

        // Populated by (*loader).pkgTest:
        testOnce sync.Once
        test     *loadPkg

        // Populated by postprocessing in (*loader).buildStacks:
        stack *loadPkg // package importing this one in minimal import stack for this pkg
}

// loadPkgFlags is a set of flags tracking metadata about a package.
type loadPkgFlags int8

const (
        // pkgInAll indicates that the package is in the "all" package pattern,
        // regardless of whether we are loading the "all" package pattern.
        //
        // When the pkgInAll flag and pkgImportsLoaded flags are both set, the caller
        // who set the last of those flags must propagate the pkgInAll marking to all
        // of the imports of the marked package.
        //
        // A test is marked with pkgInAll if that test would promote the packages it
        // imports to be in "all" (such as when the test is itself within the main
        // module, or when ld.allClosesOverTests is true).
        pkgInAll loadPkgFlags = 1 << iota

        // pkgIsRoot indicates that the package matches one of the root package
        // patterns requested by the caller.
        //
        // If LoadTests is set, then when pkgIsRoot and pkgImportsLoaded are both set,
        // the caller who set the last of those flags must populate a test for the
        // package (in the pkg.test field).
        //
        // If the "all" pattern is included as a root, then non-test packages in "all"
        // are also roots (and must be marked pkgIsRoot).
        pkgIsRoot

        // pkgFromRoot indicates that the package is in the transitive closure of
        // imports starting at the roots. (Note that every package marked as pkgIsRoot
        // is also trivially marked pkgFromRoot.)
        pkgFromRoot

        // pkgImportsLoaded indicates that the imports and testImports fields of a
        // loadPkg have been populated.
        pkgImportsLoaded
)

// has reports whether all of the flags in cond are set in f.
func (f loadPkgFlags) has(cond loadPkgFlags) bool {
        return f&cond == cond
}

// An atomicLoadPkgFlags stores a loadPkgFlags for which individual flags can be
// added atomically.
type atomicLoadPkgFlags struct {
        bits atomic.Int32
}

// update sets the given flags in af (in addition to any flags already set).
//
// update returns the previous flag state so that the caller may determine which
// flags were newly-set.
func (af *atomicLoadPkgFlags) update(flags loadPkgFlags) (old loadPkgFlags) {
        for {
                old := af.bits.Load()
                new := old | int32(flags)
                if new == old || af.bits.CompareAndSwap(old, new) {
                        return loadPkgFlags(old)
                }
        }
}

// has reports whether all of the flags in cond are set in af.
func (af *atomicLoadPkgFlags) has(cond loadPkgFlags) bool {
        return loadPkgFlags(af.bits.Load())&cond == cond
}

// isTest reports whether pkg is a test of another package.
func (pkg *loadPkg) isTest() bool {
        return pkg.testOf != nil
}

// fromExternalModule reports whether pkg was loaded from a module other than
// the main module.
func (pkg *loadPkg) fromExternalModule() bool {
        if pkg.mod.Path == "" {
                return false // loaded from the standard library, not a module
        }
        return !MainModules.Contains(pkg.mod.Path)
}

var errMissing = errors.New("cannot find package")

// loadFromRoots attempts to load the build graph needed to process a set of
// root packages and their dependencies.
//
// The set of root packages is returned by the params.listRoots function, and
// expanded to the full set of packages by tracing imports (and possibly tests)
// as needed.
func loadFromRoots(ctx context.Context, params loaderParams) *loader {
        ld := &loader{
                loaderParams: params,
                work:         par.NewQueue(runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0)),
        }

        if ld.GoVersion == "" {
                ld.GoVersion = MainModules.GoVersion()

                if ld.Tidy && versionLess(LatestGoVersion(), ld.GoVersion) {
                        ld.errorf("go: go.mod file indicates go %s, but maximum version supported by tidy is %s\n", ld.GoVersion, LatestGoVersion())
                        base.ExitIfErrors()
                }
        }

        if ld.Tidy {
                if ld.TidyCompatibleVersion == "" {
                        ld.TidyCompatibleVersion = priorGoVersion(ld.GoVersion)
                } else if versionLess(ld.GoVersion, ld.TidyCompatibleVersion) {
                        // Each version of the Go toolchain knows how to interpret go.mod and
                        // go.sum files produced by all previous versions, so a compatibility
                        // version higher than the go.mod version adds nothing.
                        ld.TidyCompatibleVersion = ld.GoVersion
                }
        }

        if semver.Compare("v"+ld.GoVersion, narrowAllVersionV) < 0 && !ld.UseVendorAll {
                // The module's go version explicitly predates the change in "all" for graph
                // pruning, so continue to use the older interpretation.
                ld.allClosesOverTests = true
        }

        var err error
        desiredPruning := pruningForGoVersion(ld.GoVersion)
        if ld.requirements.pruning == workspace {
                desiredPruning = workspace
        }
        ld.requirements, err = convertPruning(ctx, ld.requirements, desiredPruning)
        if err != nil {
                ld.errorf("go: %v\n", err)
        }

        if ld.requirements.pruning == unpruned {
                // If the module graph does not support pruning, we assume that we will need
                // the full module graph in order to load package dependencies.
                //
                // This might not be strictly necessary, but it matches the historical
                // behavior of the 'go' command and keeps the go.mod file more consistent in
                // case of erroneous hand-edits — which are less likely to be detected by
                // spot-checks in modules that do not maintain the expanded go.mod
                // requirements needed for graph pruning.
                var err error
                ld.requirements, _, err = expandGraph(ctx, ld.requirements)
                if err != nil {
                        ld.errorf("go: %v\n", err)
                }
        }

        for {
                ld.reset()

                // Load the root packages and their imports.
                // Note: the returned roots can change on each iteration,
                // since the expansion of package patterns depends on the
                // build list we're using.
                rootPkgs := ld.listRoots(ld.requirements)

                if ld.requirements.pruning == pruned && cfg.BuildMod == "mod" {
                        // Before we start loading transitive imports of packages, locate all of
                        // the root packages and promote their containing modules to root modules
                        // dependencies. If their go.mod files are tidy (the common case) and the
                        // set of root packages does not change then we can select the correct
                        // versions of all transitive imports on the first try and complete
                        // loading in a single iteration.
                        changedBuildList := ld.preloadRootModules(ctx, rootPkgs)
                        if changedBuildList {
                                // The build list has changed, so the set of root packages may have also
                                // changed. Start over to pick up the changes. (Preloading roots is much
                                // cheaper than loading the full import graph, so we would rather pay
                                // for an extra iteration of preloading than potentially end up
                                // discarding the result of a full iteration of loading.)
                                continue
                        }
                }

                inRoots := map[*loadPkg]bool{}
                for _, path := range rootPkgs {
                        root := ld.pkg(ctx, path, pkgIsRoot)
                        if !inRoots[root] {
                                ld.roots = append(ld.roots, root)
                                inRoots[root] = true
                        }
                }

                // ld.pkg adds imported packages to the work queue and calls applyPkgFlags,
                // which adds tests (and test dependencies) as needed.
                //
                // When all of the work in the queue has completed, we'll know that the
                // transitive closure of dependencies has been loaded.
                <-ld.work.Idle()

                ld.buildStacks()

                changed, err := ld.updateRequirements(ctx)
                if err != nil {
                        ld.errorf("go: %v\n", err)
                        break
                }
                if changed {
                        // Don't resolve missing imports until the module graph has stabilized.
                        // If the roots are still changing, they may turn out to specify a
                        // requirement on the missing package(s), and we would rather use a
                        // version specified by a new root than add a new dependency on an
                        // unrelated version.
                        continue
                }

                if !ld.ResolveMissingImports || (!HasModRoot() && !allowMissingModuleImports) {
                        // We've loaded as much as we can without resolving missing imports.
                        break
                }

                modAddedBy := ld.resolveMissingImports(ctx)
                if len(modAddedBy) == 0 {
                        // The roots are stable, and we've resolved all of the missing packages
                        // that we can.
                        break
                }

                toAdd := make([]module.Version, 0, len(modAddedBy))
                for m, _ := range modAddedBy {
                        toAdd = append(toAdd, m)
                }
                module.Sort(toAdd) // to make errors deterministic

                // We ran updateRequirements before resolving missing imports and it didn't
                // make any changes, so we know that the requirement graph is already
                // consistent with ld.pkgs: we don't need to pass ld.pkgs to updateRoots
                // again. (That would waste time looking for changes that we have already
                // applied.)
                var noPkgs []*loadPkg
                // We also know that we're going to call updateRequirements again next
                // iteration so we don't need to also update it here. (That would waste time
                // computing a "direct" map that we'll have to recompute later anyway.)
                direct := ld.requirements.direct
                rs, err := updateRoots(ctx, direct, ld.requirements, noPkgs, toAdd, ld.AssumeRootsImported)
                if err != nil {
                        // If an error was found in a newly added module, report the package
                        // import stack instead of the module requirement stack. Packages
                        // are more descriptive.
                        if err, ok := err.(*mvs.BuildListError); ok {
                                if pkg := modAddedBy[err.Module()]; pkg != nil {
                                        ld.errorf("go: %s: %v\n", pkg.stackText(), err.Err)
                                        break
                                }
                        }
                        ld.errorf("go: %v\n", err)
                        break
                }
                if reflect.DeepEqual(rs.rootModules, ld.requirements.rootModules) {
                        // Something is deeply wrong. resolveMissingImports gave us a non-empty
                        // set of modules to add to the graph, but adding those modules had no
                        // effect — either they were already in the graph, or updateRoots did not
                        // add them as requested.
                        panic(fmt.Sprintf("internal error: adding %v to module graph had no effect on root requirements (%v)", toAdd, rs.rootModules))
                }
                ld.requirements = rs
        }
        base.ExitIfErrors() // TODO(bcmills): Is this actually needed?

        // Tidy the build list, if applicable, before we report errors.
        // (The process of tidying may remove errors from irrelevant dependencies.)
        if ld.Tidy {
                rs, err := tidyRoots(ctx, ld.requirements, ld.pkgs)
                if err != nil {
                        ld.errorf("go: %v\n", err)
                }

                if ld.requirements.pruning == pruned {
                        // We continuously add tidy roots to ld.requirements during loading, so at
                        // this point the tidy roots should be a subset of the roots of
                        // ld.requirements, ensuring that no new dependencies are brought inside
                        // the graph-pruning horizon.
                        // If that is not the case, there is a bug in the loading loop above.
                        for _, m := range rs.rootModules {
                                if v, ok := ld.requirements.rootSelected(m.Path); !ok || v != m.Version {
                                        ld.errorf("go: internal error: a requirement on %v is needed but was not added during package loading\n", m)
                                        base.ExitIfErrors()
                                }
                        }
                }
                ld.requirements = rs
        }

        // Report errors, if any.
        for _, pkg := range ld.pkgs {
                if pkg.err == nil {
                        continue
                }

                // Add importer information to checksum errors.
                if sumErr := (*ImportMissingSumError)(nil); errors.As(pkg.err, &sumErr) {
                        if importer := pkg.stack; importer != nil {
                                sumErr.importer = importer.path
                                sumErr.importerVersion = importer.mod.Version
                                sumErr.importerIsTest = importer.testOf != nil
                        }
                }

                if stdErr := (*ImportMissingError)(nil); errors.As(pkg.err, &stdErr) && stdErr.isStd {
                        // Add importer go version information to import errors of standard
                        // library packages arising from newer releases.
                        if importer := pkg.stack; importer != nil {
                                if v, ok := rawGoVersion.Load(importer.mod); ok && versionLess(LatestGoVersion(), v.(string)) {
                                        stdErr.importerGoVersion = v.(string)
                                }
                        }
                        if ld.SilenceMissingStdImports {
                                continue
                        }
                }
                if ld.SilencePackageErrors {
                        continue
                }
                if ld.SilenceNoGoErrors && errors.Is(pkg.err, imports.ErrNoGo) {
                        continue
                }

                ld.errorf("%s: %v\n", pkg.stackText(), pkg.err)
        }

        ld.checkMultiplePaths()
        return ld
}

// versionLess returns whether a < b according to semantic version precedence.
// Both strings are interpreted as go version strings, e.g. "1.19".
func versionLess(a, b string) bool {
        return semver.Compare("v"+a, "v"+b) < 0
}

// updateRequirements ensures that ld.requirements is consistent with the
// information gained from ld.pkgs.
//
// In particular:
//
//   - Modules that provide packages directly imported from the main module are
//     marked as direct, and are promoted to explicit roots. If a needed root
//     cannot be promoted due to -mod=readonly or -mod=vendor, the importing
//     package is marked with an error.
//
//   - If ld scanned the "all" pattern independent of build constraints, it is
//     guaranteed to have seen every direct import. Module dependencies that did
//     not provide any directly-imported package are then marked as indirect.
//
//   - Root dependencies are updated to their selected versions.
//
// The "changed" return value reports whether the update changed the selected
// version of any module that either provided a loaded package or may now
// provide a package that was previously unresolved.
func (ld *loader) updateRequirements(ctx context.Context) (changed bool, err error) {
        rs := ld.requirements

        // direct contains the set of modules believed to provide packages directly
        // imported by the main module.
        var direct map[string]bool

        // If we didn't scan all of the imports from the main module, or didn't use
        // imports.AnyTags, then we didn't necessarily load every package that
        // contributes “direct” imports — so we can't safely mark existing direct
        // dependencies in ld.requirements as indirect-only. Propagate them as direct.
        loadedDirect := ld.allPatternIsRoot && reflect.DeepEqual(ld.Tags, imports.AnyTags())
        if loadedDirect {
                direct = make(map[string]bool)
        } else {
                // TODO(bcmills): It seems like a shame to allocate and copy a map here when
                // it will only rarely actually vary from rs.direct. Measure this cost and
                // maybe avoid the copy.
                direct = make(map[string]bool, len(rs.direct))
                for mPath := range rs.direct {
                        direct[mPath] = true
                }
        }

        for _, pkg := range ld.pkgs {
                if pkg.mod.Version != "" || !MainModules.Contains(pkg.mod.Path) {
                        continue
                }
                for _, dep := range pkg.imports {
                        if !dep.fromExternalModule() {
                                continue
                        }

                        if inWorkspaceMode() {
                                // In workspace mode / workspace pruning mode, the roots are the main modules
                                // rather than the main module's direct dependencies. The check below on the selected
                                // roots does not apply.
                                if mg, err := rs.Graph(ctx); err != nil {
                                        return false, err
                                } else if _, ok := mg.RequiredBy(dep.mod); !ok {
                                        // dep.mod is not an explicit dependency, but needs to be.
                                        // See comment on error returned below.
                                        pkg.err = &DirectImportFromImplicitDependencyError{
                                                ImporterPath: pkg.path,
                                                ImportedPath: dep.path,
                                                Module:       dep.mod,
                                        }
                                }
                                continue
                        }

                        if pkg.err == nil && cfg.BuildMod != "mod" {
                                if v, ok := rs.rootSelected(dep.mod.Path); !ok || v != dep.mod.Version {
                                        // dep.mod is not an explicit dependency, but needs to be.
                                        // Because we are not in "mod" mode, we will not be able to update it.
                                        // Instead, mark the importing package with an error.
                                        //
                                        // TODO(#41688): The resulting error message fails to include the file
                                        // position of the import statement (because that information is not
                                        // tracked by the module loader). Figure out how to plumb the import
                                        // position through.
                                        pkg.err = &DirectImportFromImplicitDependencyError{
                                                ImporterPath: pkg.path,
                                                ImportedPath: dep.path,
                                                Module:       dep.mod,
                                        }
                                        // cfg.BuildMod does not allow us to change dep.mod to be a direct
                                        // dependency, so don't mark it as such.
                                        continue
                                }
                        }

                        // dep is a package directly imported by a package or test in the main
                        // module and loaded from some other module (not the standard library).
                        // Mark its module as a direct dependency.
                        direct[dep.mod.Path] = true
                }
        }

        var addRoots []module.Version
        if ld.Tidy {
                // When we are tidying a module with a pruned dependency graph, we may need
                // to add roots to preserve the versions of indirect, test-only dependencies
                // that are upgraded above or otherwise missing from the go.mod files of
                // direct dependencies. (For example, the direct dependency might be a very
                // stable codebase that predates modules and thus lacks a go.mod file, or
                // the author of the direct dependency may have forgotten to commit a change
                // to the go.mod file, or may have made an erroneous hand-edit that causes
                // it to be untidy.)
                //
                // Promoting an indirect dependency to a root adds the next layer of its
                // dependencies to the module graph, which may increase the selected
                // versions of other modules from which we have already loaded packages.
                // So after we promote an indirect dependency to a root, we need to reload
                // packages, which means another iteration of loading.
                //
                // As an extra wrinkle, the upgrades due to promoting a root can cause
                // previously-resolved packages to become unresolved. For example, the
                // module providing an unstable package might be upgraded to a version
                // that no longer contains that package. If we then resolve the missing
                // package, we might add yet another root that upgrades away some other
                // dependency. (The tests in mod_tidy_convergence*.txt illustrate some
                // particularly worrisome cases.)
                //
                // To ensure that this process of promoting, adding, and upgrading roots
                // eventually terminates, during iteration we only ever add modules to the
                // root set — we only remove irrelevant roots at the very end of
                // iteration, after we have already added every root that we plan to need
                // in the (eventual) tidy root set.
                //
                // Since we do not remove any roots during iteration, even if they no
                // longer provide any imported packages, the selected versions of the
                // roots can only increase and the set of roots can only expand. The set
                // of extant root paths is finite and the set of versions of each path is
                // finite, so the iteration *must* reach a stable fixed-point.
                tidy, err := tidyRoots(ctx, rs, ld.pkgs)
                if err != nil {
                        return false, err
                }
                addRoots = tidy.rootModules
        }

        rs, err = updateRoots(ctx, direct, rs, ld.pkgs, addRoots, ld.AssumeRootsImported)
        if err != nil {
                // We don't actually know what even the root requirements are supposed to be,
                // so we can't proceed with loading. Return the error to the caller
                return false, err
        }

        if rs != ld.requirements && !reflect.DeepEqual(rs.rootModules, ld.requirements.rootModules) {
                // The roots of the module graph have changed in some way (not just the
                // "direct" markings). Check whether the changes affected any of the loaded
                // packages.
                mg, err := rs.Graph(ctx)
                if err != nil {
                        return false, err
                }
                for _, pkg := range ld.pkgs {
                        if pkg.fromExternalModule() && mg.Selected(pkg.mod.Path) != pkg.mod.Version {
                                changed = true
                                break
                        }
                        if pkg.err != nil {
                                // Promoting a module to a root may resolve an import that was
                                // previously missing (by pulling in a previously-prune dependency that
                                // provides it) or ambiguous (by promoting exactly one of the
                                // alternatives to a root and ignoring the second-level alternatives) or
                                // otherwise errored out (by upgrading from a version that cannot be
                                // fetched to one that can be).
                                //
                                // Instead of enumerating all of the possible errors, we'll just check
                                // whether importFromModules returns nil for the package.
                                // False-positives are ok: if we have a false-positive here, we'll do an
                                // extra iteration of package loading this time, but we'll still
                                // converge when the root set stops changing.
                                //
                                // In some sense, we can think of this as ‘upgraded the module providing
                                // pkg.path from "none" to a version higher than "none"’.
                                if _, _, _, _, err = importFromModules(ctx, pkg.path, rs, nil); err == nil {
                                        changed = true
                                        break
                                }
                        }
                }
        }

        ld.requirements = rs
        return changed, nil
}

// resolveMissingImports returns a set of modules that could be added as
// dependencies in order to resolve missing packages from pkgs.
//
// The newly-resolved packages are added to the addedModuleFor map, and
// resolveMissingImports returns a map from each new module version to
// the first missing package that module would resolve.
func (ld *loader) resolveMissingImports(ctx context.Context) (modAddedBy map[module.Version]*loadPkg) {
        type pkgMod struct {
                pkg *loadPkg
                mod *module.Version
        }
        var pkgMods []pkgMod
        for _, pkg := range ld.pkgs {
                if pkg.err == nil {
                        continue
                }
                if pkg.isTest() {
                        // If we are missing a test, we are also missing its non-test version, and
                        // we should only add the missing import once.
                        continue
                }
                if !errors.As(pkg.err, new(*ImportMissingError)) {
                        // Leave other errors for Import or load.Packages to report.
                        continue
                }

                pkg := pkg
                var mod module.Version
                ld.work.Add(func() {
                        var err error
                        mod, err = queryImport(ctx, pkg.path, ld.requirements)
                        if err != nil {
                                var ime *ImportMissingError
                                if errors.As(err, &ime) {
                                        for curstack := pkg.stack; curstack != nil; curstack = curstack.stack {
                                                if MainModules.Contains(curstack.mod.Path) {
                                                        ime.ImportingMainModule = curstack.mod
                                                        break
                                                }
                                        }
                                }
                                // pkg.err was already non-nil, so we can reasonably attribute the error
                                // for pkg to either the original error or the one returned by
                                // queryImport. The existing error indicates only that we couldn't find
                                // the package, whereas the query error also explains why we didn't fix
                                // the problem — so we prefer the latter.
                                pkg.err = err
                        }

                        // err is nil, but we intentionally leave pkg.err non-nil and pkg.mod
                        // unset: we still haven't satisfied other invariants of a
                        // successfully-loaded package, such as scanning and loading the imports
                        // of that package. If we succeed in resolving the new dependency graph,
                        // the caller can reload pkg and update the error at that point.
                        //
                        // Even then, the package might not be loaded from the version we've
                        // identified here. The module may be upgraded by some other dependency,
                        // or by a transitive dependency of mod itself, or — less likely — the
                        // package may be rejected by an AllowPackage hook or rendered ambiguous
                        // by some other newly-added or newly-upgraded dependency.
                })

                pkgMods = append(pkgMods, pkgMod{pkg: pkg, mod: &mod})
        }
        <-ld.work.Idle()

        modAddedBy = map[module.Version]*loadPkg{}
        for _, pm := range pkgMods {
                pkg, mod := pm.pkg, *pm.mod
                if mod.Path == "" {
                        continue
                }

                fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "go: found %s in %s %s\n", pkg.path, mod.Path, mod.Version)
                if modAddedBy[mod] == nil {
                        modAddedBy[mod] = pkg
                }
        }

        return modAddedBy
}

// pkg locates the *loadPkg for path, creating and queuing it for loading if
// needed, and updates its state to reflect the given flags.
//
// The imports of the returned *loadPkg will be loaded asynchronously in the
// ld.work queue, and its test (if requested) will also be populated once
// imports have been resolved. When ld.work goes idle, all transitive imports of
// the requested package (and its test, if requested) will have been loaded.
func (ld *loader) pkg(ctx context.Context, path string, flags loadPkgFlags) *loadPkg {
        if flags.has(pkgImportsLoaded) {
                panic("internal error: (*loader).pkg called with pkgImportsLoaded flag set")
        }

        pkg := ld.pkgCache.Do(path, func() any {
                pkg := &loadPkg{
                        path: path,
                }
                ld.applyPkgFlags(ctx, pkg, flags)

                ld.work.Add(func() { ld.load(ctx, pkg) })
                return pkg
        }).(*loadPkg)

        ld.applyPkgFlags(ctx, pkg, flags)
        return pkg
}

// applyPkgFlags updates pkg.flags to set the given flags and propagate the
// (transitive) effects of those flags, possibly loading or enqueueing further
// packages as a result.
func (ld *loader) applyPkgFlags(ctx context.Context, pkg *loadPkg, flags loadPkgFlags) {
        if flags == 0 {
                return
        }

        if flags.has(pkgInAll) && ld.allPatternIsRoot && !pkg.isTest() {
                // This package matches a root pattern by virtue of being in "all".
                flags |= pkgIsRoot
        }
        if flags.has(pkgIsRoot) {
                flags |= pkgFromRoot
        }

        old := pkg.flags.update(flags)
        new := old | flags
        if new == old || !new.has(pkgImportsLoaded) {
                // We either didn't change the state of pkg, or we don't know anything about
                // its dependencies yet. Either way, we can't usefully load its test or
                // update its dependencies.
                return
        }

        if !pkg.isTest() {
                // Check whether we should add (or update the flags for) a test for pkg.
                // ld.pkgTest is idempotent and extra invocations are inexpensive,
                // so it's ok if we call it more than is strictly necessary.
                wantTest := false
                switch {
                case ld.allPatternIsRoot && MainModules.Contains(pkg.mod.Path):
                        // We are loading the "all" pattern, which includes packages imported by
                        // tests in the main module. This package is in the main module, so we
                        // need to identify the imports of its test even if LoadTests is not set.
                        //
                        // (We will filter out the extra tests explicitly in computePatternAll.)
                        wantTest = true

                case ld.allPatternIsRoot && ld.allClosesOverTests && new.has(pkgInAll):
                        // This variant of the "all" pattern includes imports of tests of every
                        // package that is itself in "all", and pkg is in "all", so its test is
                        // also in "all" (as above).
                        wantTest = true

                case ld.LoadTests && new.has(pkgIsRoot):
                        // LoadTest explicitly requests tests of “the root packages”.
                        wantTest = true
                }

                if wantTest {
                        var testFlags loadPkgFlags
                        if MainModules.Contains(pkg.mod.Path) || (ld.allClosesOverTests && new.has(pkgInAll)) {
                                // Tests of packages in the main module are in "all", in the sense that
                                // they cause the packages they import to also be in "all". So are tests
                                // of packages in "all" if "all" closes over test dependencies.
                                testFlags |= pkgInAll
                        }
                        ld.pkgTest(ctx, pkg, testFlags)
                }
        }

        if new.has(pkgInAll) && !old.has(pkgInAll|pkgImportsLoaded) {
                // We have just marked pkg with pkgInAll, or we have just loaded its
                // imports, or both. Now is the time to propagate pkgInAll to the imports.
                for _, dep := range pkg.imports {
                        ld.applyPkgFlags(ctx, dep, pkgInAll)
                }
        }

        if new.has(pkgFromRoot) && !old.has(pkgFromRoot|pkgImportsLoaded) {
                for _, dep := range pkg.imports {
                        ld.applyPkgFlags(ctx, dep, pkgFromRoot)
                }
        }
}

// preloadRootModules loads the module requirements needed to identify the
// selected version of each module providing a package in rootPkgs,
// adding new root modules to the module graph if needed.
func (ld *loader) preloadRootModules(ctx context.Context, rootPkgs []string) (changedBuildList bool) {
        needc := make(chan map[module.Version]bool, 1)
        needc <- map[module.Version]bool{}
        for _, path := range rootPkgs {
                path := path
                ld.work.Add(func() {
                        // First, try to identify the module containing the package using only roots.
                        //
                        // If the main module is tidy and the package is in "all" — or if we're
                        // lucky — we can identify all of its imports without actually loading the
                        // full module graph.
                        m, _, _, _, err := importFromModules(ctx, path, ld.requirements, nil)
                        if err != nil {
                                var missing *ImportMissingError
                                if errors.As(err, &missing) && ld.ResolveMissingImports {
                                        // This package isn't provided by any selected module.
                                        // If we can find it, it will be a new root dependency.
                                        m, err = queryImport(ctx, path, ld.requirements)
                                }
                                if err != nil {
                                        // We couldn't identify the root module containing this package.
                                        // Leave it unresolved; we will report it during loading.
                                        return
                                }
                        }
                        if m.Path == "" {
                                // The package is in std or cmd. We don't need to change the root set.
                                return
                        }

                        v, ok := ld.requirements.rootSelected(m.Path)
                        if !ok || v != m.Version {
                                // We found the requested package in m, but m is not a root, so
                                // loadModGraph will not load its requirements. We need to promote the
                                // module to a root to ensure that any other packages this package
                                // imports are resolved from correct dependency versions.
                                //
                                // (This is the “argument invariant” from
                                // https://golang.org/design/36460-lazy-module-loading.)
                                need := <-needc
                                need[m] = true
                                needc <- need
                        }
                })
        }
        <-ld.work.Idle()

        need := <-needc
        if len(need) == 0 {
                return false // No roots to add.
        }

        toAdd := make([]module.Version, 0, len(need))
        for m := range need {
                toAdd = append(toAdd, m)
        }
        module.Sort(toAdd)

        rs, err := updateRoots(ctx, ld.requirements.direct, ld.requirements, nil, toAdd, ld.AssumeRootsImported)
        if err != nil {
                // We are missing some root dependency, and for some reason we can't load
                // enough of the module dependency graph to add the missing root. Package
                // loading is doomed to fail, so fail quickly.
                ld.errorf("go: %v\n", err)
                base.ExitIfErrors()
                return false
        }
        if reflect.DeepEqual(rs.rootModules, ld.requirements.rootModules) {
                // Something is deeply wrong. resolveMissingImports gave us a non-empty
                // set of modules to add to the graph, but adding those modules had no
                // effect — either they were already in the graph, or updateRoots did not
                // add them as requested.
                panic(fmt.Sprintf("internal error: adding %v to module graph had no effect on root requirements (%v)", toAdd, rs.rootModules))
        }

        ld.requirements = rs
        return true
}

// load loads an individual package.
func (ld *loader) load(ctx context.Context, pkg *loadPkg) {
        var mg *ModuleGraph
        if ld.requirements.pruning == unpruned {
                var err error
                mg, err = ld.requirements.Graph(ctx)
                if err != nil {
                        // We already checked the error from Graph in loadFromRoots and/or
                        // updateRequirements, so we ignored the error on purpose and we should
                        // keep trying to push past it.
                        //
                        // However, because mg may be incomplete (and thus may select inaccurate
                        // versions), we shouldn't use it to load packages. Instead, we pass a nil
                        // *ModuleGraph, which will cause mg to first try loading from only the
                        // main module and root dependencies.
                        mg = nil
                }
        }

        var modroot string
        pkg.mod, modroot, pkg.dir, pkg.altMods, pkg.err = importFromModules(ctx, pkg.path, ld.requirements, mg)
        if pkg.dir == "" {
                return
        }
        if MainModules.Contains(pkg.mod.Path) {
                // Go ahead and mark pkg as in "all". This provides the invariant that a
                // package that is *only* imported by other packages in "all" is always
                // marked as such before loading its imports.
                //
                // We don't actually rely on that invariant at the moment, but it may
                // improve efficiency somewhat and makes the behavior a bit easier to reason
                // about (by reducing churn on the flag bits of dependencies), and costs
                // essentially nothing (these atomic flag ops are essentially free compared
                // to scanning source code for imports).
                ld.applyPkgFlags(ctx, pkg, pkgInAll)
        }
        if ld.AllowPackage != nil {
                if err := ld.AllowPackage(ctx, pkg.path, pkg.mod); err != nil {
                        pkg.err = err
                }
        }

        pkg.inStd = (search.IsStandardImportPath(pkg.path) && search.InDir(pkg.dir, cfg.GOROOTsrc) != "")

        var imports, testImports []string

        if cfg.BuildContext.Compiler == "gccgo" && pkg.inStd {
                // We can't scan standard packages for gccgo.
        } else {
                var err error
                imports, testImports, err = scanDir(modroot, pkg.dir, ld.Tags)
                if err != nil {
                        pkg.err = err
                        return
                }
        }

        pkg.imports = make([]*loadPkg, 0, len(imports))
        var importFlags loadPkgFlags
        if pkg.flags.has(pkgInAll) {
                importFlags = pkgInAll
        }
        for _, path := range imports {
                if pkg.inStd {
                        // Imports from packages in "std" and "cmd" should resolve using
                        // GOROOT/src/vendor even when "std" is not the main module.
                        path = ld.stdVendor(pkg.path, path)
                }
                pkg.imports = append(pkg.imports, ld.pkg(ctx, path, importFlags))
        }
        pkg.testImports = testImports

        ld.applyPkgFlags(ctx, pkg, pkgImportsLoaded)
}

// pkgTest locates the test of pkg, creating it if needed, and updates its state
// to reflect the given flags.
//
// pkgTest requires that the imports of pkg have already been loaded (flagged
// with pkgImportsLoaded).
func (ld *loader) pkgTest(ctx context.Context, pkg *loadPkg, testFlags loadPkgFlags) *loadPkg {
        if pkg.isTest() {
                panic("pkgTest called on a test package")
        }

        createdTest := false
        pkg.testOnce.Do(func() {
                pkg.test = &loadPkg{
                        path:   pkg.path,
                        testOf: pkg,
                        mod:    pkg.mod,
                        dir:    pkg.dir,
                        err:    pkg.err,
                        inStd:  pkg.inStd,
                }
                ld.applyPkgFlags(ctx, pkg.test, testFlags)
                createdTest = true
        })

        test := pkg.test
        if createdTest {
                test.imports = make([]*loadPkg, 0, len(pkg.testImports))
                var importFlags loadPkgFlags
                if test.flags.has(pkgInAll) {
                        importFlags = pkgInAll
                }
                for _, path := range pkg.testImports {
                        if pkg.inStd {
                                path = ld.stdVendor(test.path, path)
                        }
                        test.imports = append(test.imports, ld.pkg(ctx, path, importFlags))
                }
                pkg.testImports = nil
                ld.applyPkgFlags(ctx, test, pkgImportsLoaded)
        } else {
                ld.applyPkgFlags(ctx, test, testFlags)
        }

        return test
}

// stdVendor returns the canonical import path for the package with the given
// path when imported from the standard-library package at parentPath.
func (ld *loader) stdVendor(parentPath, path string) string {
        if search.IsStandardImportPath(path) {
                return path
        }

        if str.HasPathPrefix(parentPath, "cmd") {
                if !ld.VendorModulesInGOROOTSrc || !MainModules.Contains("cmd") {
                        vendorPath := pathpkg.Join("cmd", "vendor", path)

                        if _, err := os.Stat(filepath.Join(cfg.GOROOTsrc, filepath.FromSlash(vendorPath))); err == nil {
                                return vendorPath
                        }
                }
        } else if !ld.VendorModulesInGOROOTSrc || !MainModules.Contains("std") || str.HasPathPrefix(parentPath, "vendor") {
                // If we are outside of the 'std' module, resolve imports from within 'std'
                // to the vendor directory.
                //
                // Do the same for importers beginning with the prefix 'vendor/' even if we
                // are *inside* of the 'std' module: the 'vendor/' packages that resolve
                // globally from GOROOT/src/vendor (and are listed as part of 'go list std')
                // are distinct from the real module dependencies, and cannot import
                // internal packages from the real module.
                //
                // (Note that although the 'vendor/' packages match the 'std' *package*
                // pattern, they are not part of the std *module*, and do not affect
                // 'go mod tidy' and similar module commands when working within std.)
                vendorPath := pathpkg.Join("vendor", path)
                if _, err := os.Stat(filepath.Join(cfg.GOROOTsrc, filepath.FromSlash(vendorPath))); err == nil {
                        return vendorPath
                }
        }

        // Not vendored: resolve from modules.
        return path
}

// computePatternAll returns the list of packages matching pattern "all",
// starting with a list of the import paths for the packages in the main module.
func (ld *loader) computePatternAll() (all []string) {
        for _, pkg := range ld.pkgs {
                if pkg.flags.has(pkgInAll) && !pkg.isTest() {
                        all = append(all, pkg.path)
                }
        }
        sort.Strings(all)
        return all
}

// checkMultiplePaths verifies that a given module path is used as itself
// or as a replacement for another module, but not both at the same time.
//
// (See https://golang.org/issue/26607 and https://golang.org/issue/34650.)
func (ld *loader) checkMultiplePaths() {
        mods := ld.requirements.rootModules
        if cached := ld.requirements.graph.Load(); cached != nil {
                if mg := cached.mg; mg != nil {
                        mods = mg.BuildList()
                }
        }

        firstPath := map[module.Version]string{}
        for _, mod := range mods {
                src := resolveReplacement(mod)
                if prev, ok := firstPath[src]; !ok {
                        firstPath[src] = mod.Path
                } else if prev != mod.Path {
                        ld.errorf("go: %s@%s used for two different module paths (%s and %s)\n", src.Path, src.Version, prev, mod.Path)
                }
        }
}

// checkTidyCompatibility emits an error if any package would be loaded from a
// different module under rs than under ld.requirements.
func (ld *loader) checkTidyCompatibility(ctx context.Context, rs *Requirements) {
        suggestUpgrade := false
        suggestEFlag := false
        suggestFixes := func() {
                if ld.AllowErrors {
                        // The user is explicitly ignoring these errors, so don't bother them with
                        // other options.
                        return
                }

                // We print directly to os.Stderr because this information is advice about
                // how to fix errors, not actually an error itself.
                // (The actual errors should have been logged already.)

                fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr)

                goFlag := ""
                if ld.GoVersion != MainModules.GoVersion() {
                        goFlag = " -go=" + ld.GoVersion
                }

                compatFlag := ""
                if ld.TidyCompatibleVersion != priorGoVersion(ld.GoVersion) {
                        compatFlag = " -compat=" + ld.TidyCompatibleVersion
                }
                if suggestUpgrade {
                        eDesc := ""
                        eFlag := ""
                        if suggestEFlag {
                                eDesc = ", leaving some packages unresolved"
                                eFlag = " -e"
                        }
                        fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "To upgrade to the versions selected by go %s%s:\n\tgo mod tidy%s -go=%s && go mod tidy%s -go=%s%s\n", ld.TidyCompatibleVersion, eDesc, eFlag, ld.TidyCompatibleVersion, eFlag, ld.GoVersion, compatFlag)
                } else if suggestEFlag {
                        // If some packages are missing but no package is upgraded, then we
                        // shouldn't suggest upgrading to the Go 1.16 versions explicitly — that
                        // wouldn't actually fix anything for Go 1.16 users, and *would* break
                        // something for Go 1.17 users.
                        fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "To proceed despite packages unresolved in go %s:\n\tgo mod tidy -e%s%s\n", ld.TidyCompatibleVersion, goFlag, compatFlag)
                }

                fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "If reproducibility with go %s is not needed:\n\tgo mod tidy%s -compat=%s\n", ld.TidyCompatibleVersion, goFlag, ld.GoVersion)

                // TODO(#46141): Populate the linked wiki page.
                fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "For other options, see:\n\thttps://golang.org/doc/modules/pruning\n")
        }

        mg, err := rs.Graph(ctx)
        if err != nil {
                ld.errorf("go: error loading go %s module graph: %v\n", ld.TidyCompatibleVersion, err)
                suggestFixes()
                return
        }

        // Re-resolve packages in parallel.
        //
        // We re-resolve each package — rather than just checking versions — to ensure
        // that we have fetched module source code (and, importantly, checksums for
        // that source code) for all modules that are necessary to ensure that imports
        // are unambiguous. That also produces clearer diagnostics, since we can say
        // exactly what happened to the package if it became ambiguous or disappeared
        // entirely.
        //
        // We re-resolve the packages in parallel because this process involves disk
        // I/O to check for package sources, and because the process of checking for
        // ambiguous imports may require us to download additional modules that are
        // otherwise pruned out in Go 1.17 — we don't want to block progress on other
        // packages while we wait for a single new download.
        type mismatch struct {
                mod module.Version
                err error
        }
        mismatchMu := make(chan map[*loadPkg]mismatch, 1)
        mismatchMu <- map[*loadPkg]mismatch{}
        for _, pkg := range ld.pkgs {
                if pkg.mod.Path == "" && pkg.err == nil {
                        // This package is from the standard library (which does not vary based on
                        // the module graph).
                        continue
                }

                pkg := pkg
                ld.work.Add(func() {
                        mod, _, _, _, err := importFromModules(ctx, pkg.path, rs, mg)
                        if mod != pkg.mod {
                                mismatches := <-mismatchMu
                                mismatches[pkg] = mismatch{mod: mod, err: err}
                                mismatchMu <- mismatches
                        }
                })
        }
        <-ld.work.Idle()

        mismatches := <-mismatchMu
        if len(mismatches) == 0 {
                // Since we're running as part of 'go mod tidy', the roots of the module
                // graph should contain only modules that are relevant to some package in
                // the package graph. We checked every package in the package graph and
                // didn't find any mismatches, so that must mean that all of the roots of
                // the module graph are also consistent.
                //
                // If we're wrong, Go 1.16 in -mod=readonly mode will error out with
                // "updates to go.mod needed", which would be very confusing. So instead,
                // we'll double-check that our reasoning above actually holds — if it
                // doesn't, we'll emit an internal error and hopefully the user will report
                // it as a bug.
                for _, m := range ld.requirements.rootModules {
                        if v := mg.Selected(m.Path); v != m.Version {
                                fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr)
                                base.Fatalf("go: internal error: failed to diagnose selected-version mismatch for module %s: go %s selects %s, but go %s selects %s\n\tPlease report this at https://golang.org/issue.", m.Path, ld.GoVersion, m.Version, ld.TidyCompatibleVersion, v)
                        }
                }
                return
        }

        // Iterate over the packages (instead of the mismatches map) to emit errors in
        // deterministic order.
        for _, pkg := range ld.pkgs {
                mismatch, ok := mismatches[pkg]
                if !ok {
                        continue
                }

                if pkg.isTest() {
                        // We already did (or will) report an error for the package itself,
                        // so don't report a duplicate (and more vebose) error for its test.
                        if _, ok := mismatches[pkg.testOf]; !ok {
                                base.Fatalf("go: internal error: mismatch recorded for test %s, but not its non-test package", pkg.path)
                        }
                        continue
                }

                switch {
                case mismatch.err != nil:
                        // pkg resolved successfully, but errors out using the requirements in rs.
                        //
                        // This could occur because the import is provided by a single root (and
                        // is thus unambiguous in a main module with a pruned module graph) and
                        // also one or more transitive dependencies (and is ambiguous with an
                        // unpruned graph).
                        //
                        // It could also occur because some transitive dependency upgrades the
                        // module that previously provided the package to a version that no
                        // longer does, or to a version for which the module source code (but
                        // not the go.mod file in isolation) has a checksum error.
                        if missing := (*ImportMissingError)(nil); errors.As(mismatch.err, &missing) {
                                selected := module.Version{
                                        Path:    pkg.mod.Path,
                                        Version: mg.Selected(pkg.mod.Path),
                                }
                                ld.errorf("%s loaded from %v,\n\tbut go %s would fail to locate it in %s\n", pkg.stackText(), pkg.mod, ld.TidyCompatibleVersion, selected)
                        } else {
                                if ambiguous := (*AmbiguousImportError)(nil); errors.As(mismatch.err, &ambiguous) {
                                        // TODO: Is this check needed?
                                }
                                ld.errorf("%s loaded from %v,\n\tbut go %s would fail to locate it:\n\t%v\n", pkg.stackText(), pkg.mod, ld.TidyCompatibleVersion, mismatch.err)
                        }

                        suggestEFlag = true

                        // Even if we press ahead with the '-e' flag, the older version will
                        // error out in readonly mode if it thinks the go.mod file contains
                        // any *explicit* dependency that is not at its selected version,
                        // even if that dependency is not relevant to any package being loaded.
                        //
                        // We check for that condition here. If all of the roots are consistent
                        // the '-e' flag suffices, but otherwise we need to suggest an upgrade.
                        if !suggestUpgrade {
                                for _, m := range ld.requirements.rootModules {
                                        if v := mg.Selected(m.Path); v != m.Version {
                                                suggestUpgrade = true
                                                break
                                        }
                                }
                        }

                case pkg.err != nil:
                        // pkg had an error in with a pruned module graph (presumably suppressed
                        // with the -e flag), but the error went away using an unpruned graph.
                        //
                        // This is possible, if, say, the import is unresolved in the pruned graph
                        // (because the "latest" version of each candidate module either is
                        // unavailable or does not contain the package), but is resolved in the
                        // unpruned graph due to a newer-than-latest dependency that is normally
                        // pruned out.
                        //
                        // This could also occur if the source code for the module providing the
                        // package in the pruned graph has a checksum error, but the unpruned
                        // graph upgrades that module to a version with a correct checksum.
                        //
                        // pkg.err should have already been logged elsewhere — along with a
                        // stack trace — so log only the import path and non-error info here.
                        suggestUpgrade = true
                        ld.errorf("%s failed to load from any module,\n\tbut go %s would load it from %v\n", pkg.path, ld.TidyCompatibleVersion, mismatch.mod)

                case pkg.mod != mismatch.mod:
                        // The package is loaded successfully by both Go versions, but from a
                        // different module in each. This could lead to subtle (and perhaps even
                        // unnoticed!) variations in behavior between builds with different
                        // toolchains.
                        suggestUpgrade = true
                        ld.errorf("%s loaded from %v,\n\tbut go %s would select %v\n", pkg.stackText(), pkg.mod, ld.TidyCompatibleVersion, mismatch.mod.Version)

                default:
                        base.Fatalf("go: internal error: mismatch recorded for package %s, but no differences found", pkg.path)
                }
        }

        suggestFixes()
        base.ExitIfErrors()
}

// scanDir is like imports.ScanDir but elides known magic imports from the list,
// so that we do not go looking for packages that don't really exist.
//
// The standard magic import is "C", for cgo.
//
// The only other known magic imports are appengine and appengine/*.
// These are so old that they predate "go get" and did not use URL-like paths.
// Most code today now uses google.golang.org/appengine instead,
// but not all code has been so updated. When we mostly ignore build tags
// during "go vendor", we look into "// +build appengine" files and
// may see these legacy imports. We drop them so that the module
// search does not look for modules to try to satisfy them.
func scanDir(modroot string, dir string, tags map[string]bool) (imports_, testImports []string, err error) {
        if ip, mierr := modindex.GetPackage(modroot, dir); mierr == nil {
                imports_, testImports, err = ip.ScanDir(tags)
                goto Happy
        } else if !errors.Is(mierr, modindex.ErrNotIndexed) {
                return nil, nil, mierr
        }

        imports_, testImports, err = imports.ScanDir(dir, tags)
Happy:

        filter := func(x []string) []string {
                w := 0
                for _, pkg := range x {
                        if pkg != "C" && pkg != "appengine" && !strings.HasPrefix(pkg, "appengine/") &&
                                pkg != "appengine_internal" && !strings.HasPrefix(pkg, "appengine_internal/") {
                                x[w] = pkg
                                w++
                        }
                }
                return x[:w]
        }

        return filter(imports_), filter(testImports), err
}

// buildStacks computes minimal import stacks for each package,
// for use in error messages. When it completes, packages that
// are part of the original root set have pkg.stack == nil,
// and other packages have pkg.stack pointing at the next
// package up the import stack in their minimal chain.
// As a side effect, buildStacks also constructs ld.pkgs,
// the list of all packages loaded.
func (ld *loader) buildStacks() {
        if len(ld.pkgs) > 0 {
                panic("buildStacks")
        }
        for _, pkg := range ld.roots {
                pkg.stack = pkg // sentinel to avoid processing in next loop
                ld.pkgs = append(ld.pkgs, pkg)
        }
        for i := 0; i < len(ld.pkgs); i++ { // not range: appending to ld.pkgs in loop
                pkg := ld.pkgs[i]
                for _, next := range pkg.imports {
                        if next.stack == nil {
                                next.stack = pkg
                                ld.pkgs = append(ld.pkgs, next)
                        }
                }
                if next := pkg.test; next != nil && next.stack == nil {
                        next.stack = pkg
                        ld.pkgs = append(ld.pkgs, next)
                }
        }
        for _, pkg := range ld.roots {
                pkg.stack = nil
        }
}

// stackText builds the import stack text to use when
// reporting an error in pkg. It has the general form
//
//      root imports
//              other imports
//              other2 tested by
//              other2.test imports
//              pkg
func (pkg *loadPkg) stackText() string {
        var stack []*loadPkg
        for p := pkg; p != nil; p = p.stack {
                stack = append(stack, p)
        }

        var buf strings.Builder
        for i := len(stack) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
                p := stack[i]
                fmt.Fprint(&buf, p.path)
                if p.testOf != nil {
                        fmt.Fprint(&buf, ".test")
                }
                if i > 0 {
                        if stack[i-1].testOf == p {
                                fmt.Fprint(&buf, " tested by\n\t")
                        } else {
                                fmt.Fprint(&buf, " imports\n\t")
                        }
                }
        }
        return buf.String()
}

// why returns the text to use in "go mod why" output about the given package.
// It is less ornate than the stackText but contains the same information.
func (pkg *loadPkg) why() string {
        var buf strings.Builder
        var stack []*loadPkg
        for p := pkg; p != nil; p = p.stack {
                stack = append(stack, p)
        }

        for i := len(stack) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
                p := stack[i]
                if p.testOf != nil {
                        fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%s.test\n", p.testOf.path)
                } else {
                        fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%s\n", p.path)
                }
        }
        return buf.String()
}

// Why returns the "go mod why" output stanza for the given package,
// without the leading # comment.
// The package graph must have been loaded already, usually by LoadPackages.
// If there is no reason for the package to be in the current build,
// Why returns an empty string.
func Why(path string) string {
        pkg, ok := loaded.pkgCache.Get(path).(*loadPkg)
        if !ok {
                return ""
        }
        return pkg.why()
}

// WhyDepth returns the number of steps in the Why listing.
// If there is no reason for the package to be in the current build,
// WhyDepth returns 0.
func WhyDepth(path string) int {
        n := 0
        pkg, _ := loaded.pkgCache.Get(path).(*loadPkg)
        for p := pkg; p != nil; p = p.stack {
                n++
        }
        return n
}